Weight Gain in the First Two Years of Life Is an Important Predictor of Schooling Outcomes in Pooled Analyses from Five Birth Cohorts from Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Victora, 2008, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital, Lancet., 371, 340, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4 Daniels, 2004, Growth in young Filipino children predicts schooling trajectories through high school, J Nutr., 134, 1439, 10.1093/jn/134.6.1439 Martorell, 1992, Long-term consequences of growth retardation during early childhood In:, 143 Walker, 2007, Early childhood stunting is associated with poor psychological functioning in late adolescence and effects are reduced by psychosocial stimulation, J Nutr., 137, 2464, 10.1093/jn/137.11.2464 Behrman, 2004, Returns to birthweight, Rev Econ Stat., 86, 586, 10.1162/003465304323031139 Psacharopoulos, 2004, Returns to investment in education: a further update, Educ Econ., 12, 111, 10.1080/0964529042000239140 Semba, 2008, Effect of parental formal education on risk of child stunting in Indonesia and Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study, Lancet., 371, 322, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60169-5 Bicego, 1993, Maternal education and child survival: a comparative study of survey data from 17 countries, Soc Sci Med., 36, 1207, 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90241-U Huisman, 2005, Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations, Lancet., 365, 493, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17867-2 Monteiro, 2001, Independent effects of income and education on the risk of obesity in the Brazilian adult population, J Nutr., 131, S881, 10.1093/jn/131.3.881S United Nations Millennium Development Goals [cited 2009 Apr 24]. Available from:www.un.org/millenniumgoals Richards, 2002, Birthweight, postnatal growth and cognitive function in a national UK birth cohort, Int J Epidemiol., 31, 342, 10.1093/ije/31.2.342 Cheung, 2006, Growth and cognitive function of Indonesian children: zero-inflated proportion models, Stat Med., 25, 3011, 10.1002/sim.2467 Li, 2004, Relative importance of birth size and postnatal growth for women's educational achievement, Early Hum Dev., 76, 1, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.007 Emond, 2007, Weight faltering in infancy and IQ levels at 8 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Pediatrics., 120, 1051, 10.1542/peds.2006-2295 Cheung, 2002, Association between psychological symptoms in adults and growth in early life: longitudinal follow up study, BMJ., 325, 749, 10.1136/bmj.325.7367.749 Horta, 2009, Weight catch-up and achieved schooling at 18 years of age in Brazilian males, Eur J Clin Nutr., 63, 369, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602934 Shrimpton, 2001, Worldwide timing of growth faltering: Implications for nutritional interventions, Pediatrics., 107, e75, 10.1542/peds.107.5.e75 Victora, 2006, Cohort profile: the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, Int J Epidemiol., 35, 237, 10.1093/ije/dyi290 Stein, 2008, Cohort profile: the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Nutrition Trial Cohort Study, Int J Epidemiol., 37, 716, 10.1093/ije/dyn028 Ghosh, 1979 Bhargava, 2004, Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood, N Engl J Med., 350, 865, 10.1056/NEJMoa035698 Adair, 2001, The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey: history and major contributions of the project, Philipp Q Cult Soc., 29, 5 Richter, 2007, Cohort profile: Mandela's children: the 1990 Birth to Twenty study in South Africa, Int J Epidemiol., 36, 504, 10.1093/ije/dym016 Ellison, 1997, The reliability of handwritten and computerized records of birth data collected at Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, Curationis., 20, 36 WHO. Child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2006;450:76–85. Keijzer-Veen, 2005, A regression model with unexplained residuals was preferred in the analysis of the fetal origins of adult diseases hypothesis, J Clin Epidemiol., 58, 1320, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.04.004 Li, 2003, Associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and adult body size and composition, Am J Clin Nutr., 77, 1498, 10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1498 SAS Institute. Statistical software: release 9.1. Cary (NC): SAS Institute; 2002–2008. Mendez, 1999, Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood, J Nutr., 129, 1555, 10.1093/jn/129.8.1555 Berhman, 1996, The impact of health and nutrition on education, World Bank Res Obs., 11, 23, 10.1093/wbro/11.1.23 Alderman, 2006, Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition, Oxf Econ Pap., 58, 450, 10.1093/oep/gpl008 Glewwe, 2001, Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis, J Public Econ., 81, 345, 10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00118-3 Martorell, 1995, Results and Implications of the INCAP Follow-up study, J Nutr., 125, S1127 Maluccio, 2009, The impact of improving nutrition during early childhood on education among Guatemalan adults, Econ J., 119, 734, 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02220.x Stein, 2008, Nutritional supplementation in early childhood, schooling, and intellectual functioning in adulthood: a prospective study in Guatemala, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 162, 612, 10.1001/archpedi.162.7.612 Hoddinott, 2008, Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults, Lancet., 371, 411, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60205-6 Adair, 2009, Size at birth, weight gain in infancy and childhood, and adult blood pressure in 5 low- and middle-income-country cohorts: when does weight gain matter?, Am J Clin Nutr., 89, 1383, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27139 Sachdev, 2005, Anthropometric indicators of body composition in young adults: relation to size at birth and serial measurements of body mass index in childhood in the New Delhi birth cohort, Am J Clin Nutr., 82, 456, 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.456 Newsome, 2003, Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism? A systematic review, Diabet Med., 20, 339, 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00871.x Wells, 2005, Fetal, infant and childhood growth: relationships with body composition in Brazilian boys aged 9 years, Int J Obes (Lond)., 29, 1192, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803054 Corvalán, 2007, Size at birth, infant, early and later childhood growth and adult body composition: a prospective study in a stunted population, Int J Epidemiol., 36, 550, 10.1093/ije/dym010