Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards

Ainslie, 1975, Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control, Psychol. Bull., 82, 463, 10.1037/h0076860 Ainslie, 1983, The motives of the will Baker, 2003, Delay discounting in current and never before cigarette smokers: similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude, J. Abnor. Psychol., 112, 382, 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.382 Bickel, 2001, Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes, Addiction, 96, 73, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x Bickel, 1999, Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers, Psychopharmacology, 146, 447, 10.1007/PL00005490 Coffey, 2003, Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 11, 18, 10.1037/1064-1297.11.1.18 Crean, 2000, Reward discounting as a measure of impulsive behavior in a psychiatric outpatient population, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 8, 155, 10.1037/1064-1297.8.2.155 Critchfield, 2001, Delay discounting: basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 34, 101, 10.1901/jaba.2001.34-101 Deluty, 1978, Self-control and impulsiveness involving aversive events, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Proc., 4, 250, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.3.250 Feather, 1959, Subjective probability and decision under uncertainty, Psychol. Rev., 66, 150, 10.1037/h0045692 Giordano, 2002, Mild opioid deprivation increases the degree that opioid-dependent outpatients discount delayed heroin and money, Psychopharmacology, 163, 174, 10.1007/s00213-002-1159-2 Green, 1996, Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: the role of age and income, Psychol. Aging, 11, 79, 10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.79 Green, 1994, Discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison, Psychol. Sci., 5, 33, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x Hyten, 1994, Exchange delays and impulsive choice in adult humans, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 62, 225, 10.1901/jeab.1994.62-225 Irwin, 1992, Hypothetical and real consequences in experimental auctions for insurance against low-probability risks, J. Behav. Decis. Making, 5, 107, 10.1002/bdm.3960050203 Johnson, 2002, Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 77, 129, 10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129 Kirby, 1997, Bidding on the future: evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 126, 54, 10.1037/0096-3445.126.1.54 Kirby, 1996, Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: rates decrease as amounts increase, Psychol. Bull. Rev., 3, 100, 10.3758/BF03210748 Lafferty, 1974, Realism and risk taking, Psychol. Rep., 34, 827, 10.2466/pr0.1974.34.3.827 Lancaster, 1963, An axiomatic theory of consumer time preference, Int. Econ. Rev., 4, 221, 10.2307/2525488 Lane, 2003, Measurement of delay discounting using trial-by-trial consequences, Behav. Proc., 64, 287, 10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00143-8 Levin, 1988, Confidence in judgments based on incomplete information: an investigation using both hypothetical and real gambles, J. Behav. Decis. Making, 1, 29, 10.1002/bdm.3960010105 Logue, 1988, Research on self-control: an integrating framework, Behav. Brain Sci., 11, 665, 10.1017/S0140525X00053978 Madden, 2003, Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 11, 139, 10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.139 Madden, 1999, Discounting of delayed rewards in opioid-dependent outpatients: exponential or hyperbolic discounting functions?, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 7, 284, 10.1037/1064-1297.7.3.284 Madden, 1997, Impulsive and self-control choices in opiate-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: drug and monetary rewards, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 5, 256, 10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256 Madden, 2004, Delay discounting of potentially real and hypothetical rewards. Part II: between- and within-subject comparisons, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 12, 251, 10.1037/1064-1297.12.4.251 Mazur, 1987, An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement, vol. 5, 55 Mazur, 1988, Estimation of indifference points with an adjusting delay procedure, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 49, 37, 10.1901/jeab.1988.49-37 Meyer, 1976, Preferences over time, 473 Mitchell, 1999, Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers, Psychopharmacology, 146, 455, 10.1007/PL00005491 Myerson, 1995, Discounting of delayed rewards: models of individual choice, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 64, 263, 10.1901/jeab.1995.64-263 Myerson, 2001, Area under the curve as a measure of discounting, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 76, 235, 10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235 Navarick, 2004, Discounting of delayed reinforcers: measurement by questionnaires versus operant choice procedures, Psychol. Rec., 54, 85, 10.1007/BF03395463 Odum, 2002, Discounting of delayed health gains and losses in current, never-, and ex-smokers of cigarettes, Nico. Tob. Res., 4, 295, 10.1080/14622200210141257 Ostaszewski, 1998, The effects of inflation on the subjective value of delayed and probabilistic rewards, Psychol. Bull. Rev., 5, 324, 10.3758/BF03212959 Rachlin, 1972, Commitment, choice, and self-control, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 17, 15, 10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15 Rachlin, 1991, Subjective probability and delay, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 55, 233, 10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233 Richards, 1997, Determination of discount functions in rats with an adjusting amount procedure, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 67, 353, 10.1901/jeab.1997.67-353 Rodriguez, 1988, Adjusting delay to reinforcement: comparing choice in pigeons and humans, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Proc., 14, 105, 10.1037/0097-7403.14.1.105 Simpson, 2000, Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting, Psychol. Rec., 50, 3, 10.1007/BF03395339 Slovic, 1969, Differential effects of real versus hypothetical payoffs on choices among gambles, J. Exp. Psychol., 80, 434, 10.1037/h0027489 Vuchinich, 1998, Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 6, 292, 10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.292