TGFβ in Cancer

Allinen, 2004, Molecular characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer, Cancer Cell, 6, 17, 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.06.010 Arteaga, 2006, Inhibition of TGFbeta signaling in cancer therapy, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 16, 30, 10.1016/j.gde.2005.12.009 Ashcroft, 1999, Mice lacking Smad3 show accelerated wound healing and an impaired local inflammatory response, Nat. Cell Biol., 1, 260, 10.1038/12971 Bardeesy, 2006, Smad4 is dispensable for normal pancreas development yet critical in progression and tumor biology of pancreas cancer, Genes Dev., 20, 3130, 10.1101/gad.1478706 Becker, 2006, TGF-beta as a T cell regulator in colitis and colon cancer, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 17, 97, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.09.004 Bhowmick, 2004, TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia, Science, 303, 848, 10.1126/science.1090922 Bhowmick, 2001, Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation through a RhoA-dependent mechanism, Mol. Biol. Cell, 12, 27, 10.1091/mbc.12.1.27 Bierie, 2006, Tumour microenvironment: TGFbeta: The molecular Jekyll and Hyde of cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 506, 10.1038/nrc1926 Biswas, 2004, Transforming growth factor beta receptor type II inactivation promotes the establishment and progression of colon cancer, Cancer Res., 64, 4687, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3255 Biswas, 2007, Inhibition of TGF-beta with neutralizing antibodies prevents radiation-induced acceleration of metastatic cancer progression, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 1305, 10.1172/JCI30740 Bleuming, 2007, Bone morphogenetic protein signaling suppresses tumorigenesis at gastric epithelial transition zones in mice, Cancer Res., 67, 8149, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4659 Broderick, 2007, A genome-wide association study shows that common alleles of SMAD7 influence colorectal cancer risk, Nat. Genet., 39, 1315, 10.1038/ng.2007.18 Bruna, 2007, High TGFbeta-Smad activity confers poor prognosis in glioma patients and promotes cell proliferation depending on the methylation of the PDGF-B gene, Cancer Cell, 11, 147, 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.023 Buck, 2004, Prognostic significance of transforming growth factor beta receptor II in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer patients, Clin. Cancer Res., 10, 491, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0320-03 Cerutti, 2003, Expression of Smad4 and Smad7 in human thyroid follicular carcinoma cell lines, J. Endocrinol. Invest., 26, 516, 10.1007/BF03345213 Chen, 2002, E2F4/5 and p107 as Smad cofactors linking the TGFbeta receptor to c-myc repression, Cell, 110, 19, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00801-2 Dalal, 1993, Immunocytochemical localization of secreted transforming growth factor-beta 1 to the advancing edges of primary tumors and to lymph node metastases of human mammary carcinoma, Am. J. Pathol., 143, 381 Davis, 2008, SMAD proteins control DROSHA-mediated microRNA maturation, Nature, 454, 56, 10.1038/nature07086 De Robertis, 2004, Dorsal-ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 20, 285, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.011403.154124 De Wever, 2003, Role of tissue stroma in cancer cell invasion, J. Pathol., 200, 429, 10.1002/path.1398 Derynck, 2007, Differentiation plasticity regulated by TGF-beta family proteins in development and disease, Nat. Cell Biol., 9, 1000, 10.1038/ncb434 Descargues, 2008, IKKalpha is a critical coregulator of a Smad4-independent TGFbeta-Smad2/3 signaling pathway that controls keratinocyte differentiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 2487, 10.1073/pnas.0712044105 Dowdy, 2005, Overexpression of the TGF-beta antagonist Smad7 in endometrial cancer, Gynecol. Oncol., 96, 368, 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.006 Dupont, 2005, Germ-layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase, Cell, 121, 87, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.033 Engle, 2002, Elimination of colon cancer in germ-free transforming growth factor beta 1-deficient mice, Cancer Res., 62, 6362 Feng, 2005, Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 21, 659, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018 Fidler, 2003, The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: The ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 453, 10.1038/nrc1098 Foletta, 2003, Direct signaling by the BMP type II receptor via the cytoskeletal regulator LIMK1, J. Cell Biol., 162, 1089, 10.1083/jcb.200212060 Forrester, 2005, Effect of conditional knockout of the type II TGF-beta receptor gene in mammary epithelia on mammary gland development and polyomavirus middle T antigen induced tumor formation and metastasis, Cancer Res., 65, 2296, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3272 Friese, 2004, RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor-beta enhances NKG2D-mediated antiglioma immune response, inhibits glioma cell migration and invasiveness, and abrogates tumorigenicity in vivo, Cancer Res., 64, 7596, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1627 Gomis, 2006, A FoxO-Smad synexpression group in human keratinocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 12747, 10.1073/pnas.0605333103 Gomis, 2006, C/EBPbeta at the core of the TGFbeta cytostatic response and its evasion in metastatic breast cancer cells, Cancer Cell, 10, 203, 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.07.019 Gorelik, 2000, Abrogation of TGFbeta signaling in T cells leads to spontaneous T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease, Immunity, 12, 171, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80170-3 Groppe, 2008, Cooperative assembly of TGF-beta superfamily signaling complexes is mediated by two disparate mechanisms and distinct modes of receptor binding, Mol. Cell, 29, 157, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.039 Guasch, 2007, Loss of TGFbeta signaling destabilizes homeostasis and promotes squamous cell carcinomas in stratified epithelia, Cancer Cell, 12, 313, 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.08.020 Gupta, 2006, Cancer metastasis: Building a framework, Cell, 127, 679, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.001 Gupta, 2007, ID genes mediate tumor reinitiation during breast cancer lung metastasis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 19506, 10.1073/pnas.0709185104 He, 2006, Hematopoiesis controlled by distinct TIF1gamma and Smad4 branches of the TGFbeta pathway, Cell, 125, 929, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.045 He, 2004, BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling, Nat. Genet., 36, 1117, 10.1038/ng1430 Ijichi, 2006, Aggressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice caused by pancreas-specific blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cooperation with active Kras expression, Genes Dev., 20, 3147, 10.1101/gad.1475506 Jaffee, 2002, Focus on pancreas cancer, Cancer Cell, 2, 25, 10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00093-4 Javelaud, 2007, Stable overexpression of Smad7 in human melanoma cells impairs bone metastasis, Cancer Res., 67, 2317, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3950 Jen, 1994, Deletion of p16 and p15 genes in brain tumors, Cancer Res., 54, 6353 Jennings, 1998, The role of transforming growth factor beta in glioma progression, J. Neurooncol., 36, 123, 10.1023/A:1005863419880 Jones, 2008, Comparative lesion sequencing provides insights into tumor evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 4283, 10.1073/pnas.0712345105 Kaklamani, 2004, No major association between TGFBR1∗6A and prostate cancer, BMC Genet., 5, 28, 10.1186/1471-2156-5-28 Kakonen, 2002, Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein and osteolytic metastases via Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 24571, 10.1074/jbc.M202561200 Kang, 2003, A self-enabling TGFbeta response coupled to stress signaling: Smad engages stress response factor ATF3 for Id1 repression in epithelial cells, Mol. Cell, 11, 915, 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00109-6 Kang, 2003, A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone, Cancer Cell, 3, 537, 10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00132-6 Kang, 2005, Breast cancer bone metastasis mediated by the Smad tumor suppressor pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 13909, 10.1073/pnas.0506517102 Kim, 2006, Smad4 signalling in T cells is required for suppression of gastrointestinal cancer, Nature, 441, 1015, 10.1038/nature04846 Kingsley, 2007, Molecular biology of bone metastasis, Mol. Cancer Ther., 6, 2609, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0234 Kobielak, 2007, Loss of a quiescent niche but not follicle stem cells in the absence of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 10063, 10.1073/pnas.0703004104 Kominsky, 2007, TGF-beta promotes the establishment of renal cell carcinoma bone metastasis, J. Bone Miner. Res., 22, 37, 10.1359/jbmr.061005 Korchynskyi, 2002, Identification and functional characterization of distinct critically important bone morphogenetic protein-specific response elements in the Id1 promoter, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 4883, 10.1074/jbc.M111023200 Krimpenfort, 2007, p15Ink4b is a critical tumour suppressor in the absence of p16Ink4a, Nature, 448, 943, 10.1038/nature06084 Letterio, 2005, TGF-beta signaling in T cells: Roles in lymphoid and epithelial neoplasia, Oncogene, 24, 5701, 10.1038/sj.onc.1208922 Levy, 2006, Alterations in components of the TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways in human cancer, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 17, 41, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.09.009 Li, 2006, Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 24, 99, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090737 Li, 2003, Squamous cell carcinoma and mammary abscess formation through squamous metaplasia in Smad4/Dpc4 conditional knockout mice, Development, 130, 6143, 10.1242/dev.00820 Lin, 2006, PPM1A functions as a Smad phosphatase to terminate TGFbeta signaling, Cell, 125, 915, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.044 Loeys, 2006, Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor, N. Engl. J. Med., 355, 788, 10.1056/NEJMoa055695 Lu, 2006, Loss of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor promotes metastatic head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma, Genes Dev., 20, 1331, 10.1101/gad.1413306 Lu, 2007, Dose-dependent cross-talk between the transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-1 signaling pathways, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 4365, 10.1073/pnas.0700118104 Maggio-Price, 2006, Helicobacter infection is required for inflammation and colon cancer in SMAD3-deficient mice, Cancer Res., 66, 828, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2448 Mani, 2008, The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells, Cell, 133, 704, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027 Massagué, 2000, Controlling TGF-beta signaling, Genes Dev., 14, 627, 10.1101/gad.14.6.627 Massagué, 2005, Smad transcription factors, Genes Dev., 19, 2783, 10.1101/gad.1350705 Minn, 2005, Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung, Nature, 436, 518, 10.1038/nature03799 Monteleone, 2004, A failure of transforming growth factor-beta1 negative regulation maintains sustained NF-kappaB activation in gut inflammation, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 3925, 10.1074/jbc.M303654200 Muñoz, 2006, Transforming growth factor beta receptor type II inactivation induces the malignant transformation of intestinal neoplasms initiated by Apc mutation, Cancer Res., 66, 9837, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0890 Muraoka, 2003, Increased malignancy of Neu-induced mammary tumors overexpressing active transforming growth factor beta1, Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 8691, 10.1128/MCB.23.23.8691-8703.2003 Nguyen, 2000, Transforming growth factor beta3 induces cell death during the first stage of mammary gland involution, Development, 127, 3107, 10.1242/dev.127.14.3107 Niehrs, 1999, Synexpression groups in eukaryotes, Nature, 402, 483, 10.1038/990025 Ozdamar, 2005, Regulation of the polarity protein Par6 by TGFbeta receptors controls epithelial cell plasticity, Science, 307, 1603, 10.1126/science.1105718 Padua, 2008, TGFbeta primes breast tumors for lung metastasis seeding through angiopoietin-like 4, Cell, 133, 66, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.046 Pardali, 2000, Role of Smad proteins and transcription factor Sp1 in p21(Waf1/Cip1) regulation by transforming growth factor-beta, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 29244, 10.1074/jbc.M909467199 Pardali, 2007, Actions of TGF-beta as tumor suppressor and pro-metastatic factor in human cancer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1775, 21 Rich, 1999, Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated p15(INK4B) induction and growth inhibition in astrocytes is SMAD3-dependent and a pathway prominently altered in human glioma cell lines, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 35053, 10.1074/jbc.274.49.35053 Roberts, 2003, The two faces of transforming growth factor beta in carcinogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 8621, 10.1073/pnas.1633291100 Rodgarkia-Dara, 2006, The activin axis in liver biology and disease, Mutat. Res., 613, 123, 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.07.002 Rubtsov, 2007, TGFbeta signalling in control of T-cell-mediated self-reactivity, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7, 443, 10.1038/nri2095 Ruzinova, 2003, Id proteins in development, cell cycle and cancer, Trends Cell Biol., 13, 410, 10.1016/S0962-8924(03)00147-8 Sapkota, 2006, Dephosphorylation of the linker regions of Smad1 and Smad2/3 by small C-terminal domain phosphatases has distinct outcomes for bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-beta pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 40412, 10.1074/jbc.M610172200 Sapkota, 2007, Balancing BMP signaling through integrated inputs into the Smad1 linker, Mol. Cell, 25, 441, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.01.006 Scandura, 2004, Transforming growth factor beta-induced cell cycle arrest of human hematopoietic cells requires p57KIP2 up-regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 15231, 10.1073/pnas.0406771101 Seoane, 2002, Myc suppression of the p21(Cip1) Cdk inhibitor influences the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage, Nature, 419, 729, 10.1038/nature01119 Seoane, 2004, Integration of Smad and forkhead pathways in the control of neuroepithelial and glioblastoma cell proliferation, Cell, 117, 211, 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00298-3 Seton-Rogers, 2004, Cooperation of the ErbB2 receptor and transforming growth factor beta in induction of migration and invasion in mammary epithelial cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 1257, 10.1073/pnas.0308090100 Shi, 2003, Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus, Cell, 113, 685, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00432-X Shipitsin, 2007, Molecular definition of breast tumor heterogeneity, Cancer Cell, 11, 259, 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.01.013 Siegel, 2003, Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 8430, 10.1073/pnas.0932636100 Silvestri, 2008, Genome-wide identification of Smad/Foxh1 targets reveals a role for Foxh1 in retinoic acid regulation and forebrain development, Dev. Cell, 14, 411, 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.01.004 Sjoblom, 2006, The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers, Science, 314, 268, 10.1126/science.1133427 Sneddon, 2006, Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 14842, 10.1073/pnas.0606857103 Staller, 2001, Repression of p15INK4b expression by Myc through association with Miz-1, Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 392, 10.1038/35070076 Suzuki, 2007, Transforming growth factor beta signaling via Ras in mesenchymal cells requires p21-activated kinase 2 for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent transcriptional responses, Cancer Res., 67, 3673, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3211 Swarbrick, 2008, Id1 cooperates with oncogenic Ras to induce metastatic mammary carcinoma by subversion of the cellular senescence response, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 5402, 10.1073/pnas.0801505105 Sweet, 2005, Molecular classification of patients with unexplained hamartomatous and hyperplastic polyposis, JAMA, 294, 2465, 10.1001/jama.294.19.2465 Takaku, 1998, Intestinal tumorigenesis in compound mutant mice of both Dpc4 (Smad4) and Apc genes, Cell, 92, 645, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81132-0 Tang, 2007, Transforming growth factor-beta can suppress tumorigenesis through effects on the putative cancer stem or early progenitor cell and committed progeny in a breast cancer xenograft model, Cancer Res., 67, 8643, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0982 Taylor, 2008, SnapShot: The TGFbeta pathway interactome, Cell, 133, 378, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.007 Thiery, 2003, Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 15, 740, 10.1016/j.ceb.2003.10.006 Thomas, 2005, TGF-beta directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance, Cancer Cell, 8, 369, 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.012 Thuault, 2006, Transforming growth factor-beta employs HMGA2 to elicit epithelial-mesenchymal transition, J. Cell Biol., 174, 175, 10.1083/jcb.200512110 Tu, 2003, The loss of TGF-beta signaling promotes prostate cancer metastasis, Neoplasia, 5, 267, 10.1016/S1476-5586(03)80058-1 Wang, 2005, Targeted disruption of Smad4 in cardiomyocytes results in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, Circ. Res., 97, 821, 10.1161/01.RES.0000185833.42544.06 Wang, 2005, A role of SMAD4 in iron metabolism through the positive regulation of hepcidin expression, Cell Metab., 2, 399, 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.10.010 Wolfraim, 2004, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 act in synergy to alter the sensitivity of naive T cells to TGF-beta-mediated G1 arrest through modulation of IL-2 responsiveness, J. Immunol., 173, 3093, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3093 Wrzesinski, 2007, Transforming growth factor-beta and the immune response: implications for anticancer therapy, Clin. Cancer Res., 13, 5262, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1157 Xie, 2002, Alterations of Smad signaling in human breast carcinoma are associated with poor outcome: a tissue microarray study, Cancer Res., 62, 497 Xu, 2006, Regulation of Smad activities, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1759, 503, 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.001 Yan, 2004, 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, a COX-2 oncogene antagonist, is a TGF-beta-induced suppressor of human gastrointestinal cancers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 17468, 10.1073/pnas.0406142101 Yang, 2008, Abrogation of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis, Cancer Cell, 13, 23, 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.12.004 Yin, 1999, TGF-beta signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development, J. Clin. Invest., 103, 197, 10.1172/JCI3523 Ying, 2003, BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3, Cell, 115, 281, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00847-X Zahnow, 1997, Overexpression of C/EBPbeta-LIP, a naturally occurring, dominant-negative transcription factor, in human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89, 1887, 10.1093/jnci/89.24.1887 Zhang, 2005, Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling suppresses progression of androgen-independent human prostate cancer in nude mice, Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 4512, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2571 Zhu, 2007, Dual role of SnoN in mammalian tumorigenesis, Mol. Cell. Biol., 27, 324, 10.1128/MCB.01394-06