Biofabrication of glass scaffolds by 3D printing for tissue engineering

Liliana Sofia Oliveira Pires1,2,3, Maria Helena Figueira Vaz Fernandes1,2, José Martinho Marques de Oliveira2,3
1Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
2CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
3School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal

Tóm tắt

This paper reports a study on the development of bioactive glass powders for biofabrication of scaffolds by an additive manufacturing technique, three-dimensional printing (3DP). Several formulations of the glass were developed from the CaO·P2O5·TiO2 system and prepared on the basis of the results for the commercial powder characterization (average particle size, particle size distribution, microstructural and crystallographic analysis). For printing the glass models in the prototyping machine, a virtual model defined as the “standard model” was produced in commercial powder, and a systematic study of the relevant processing parameters (binder composition, formulation of powder, saturation level in the shell and core, bleed compensation, and printed layer thickness) was carried out in order to determine the most suitable conditions for the fabrication of porous structures for tissue engineering applications. The printed glass models were sintered through specific thermal programs and then characterized in terms of dimensions, structure, morphological features, and mechanical properties. Finally, the sintered models were submitted to mineralization tests in simulated physiological media. In this work, it was demonstrated that it is possible to use a printing machine to manufacture 3DP glassy porous structures with suitable features for tissue engineering applications as temporary scaffolds. The mechanical properties of the produced structures and its mineralization capability in physiological fluids suggest that they have potential to be used in bone tissue regeneration under low load-bearing situations.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Butscher A, Bohner M, Hofmann S et al (2011) Structural and material approaches to bone tissue engineering in powder-based three-dimensional printing. Acta Biomater 7:907–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.039 Best SM, Porter AE, Thian ES, Huang J (2008) Bioceramics: past, present and for the future. J Eur Ceram Soc 28:1319–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.12.001 Derby B (2012) Printing and prototyping of tissues and scaffolds. Science 338:921–926. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226340 Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL (2004) Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends. Macromol Biosci 4:743–765 Yeong W-Y, Chua C-K, Leong K-F, Chandrasekaran M (2004) Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering: challenges and potential. Trends Biotechnol 22:643–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.10.004 Melchels FPW, Domingos MAN, Klein TJ et al (2012) Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci 37:1079–1104 Hench L (2006) The story of bioglass®. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:967–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0432-z Silva AMB, Correia RN, Oliveira JMM, Fernandes MHVJ (2010) Structural characterization of TiO2-P2O5-CaO glasses by spectroscopy. J Eur Ceram Soc 30:1253–1258 Sobral JM, Caridade SG, Sousa RA et al (2011) Three-dimensional plotted scaffolds with controlled pore size gradients: effect of scaffold geometry on mechanical performance and cell seeding efficiency. Acta Biomater 7:1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.003 Farzadi A, Waran V, Solati-Hashjin M et al (2015) Effect of layer printing delay on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed porous prototypes in bone tissue engineering. Ceram Int 41:8320–8330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.004 Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A (2013) Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today 16:496–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017 Hutmacher DW, Sittinger M, Risbud MV (2004) Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. Trends Biotechnol 22:354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.05.005 Leukers B, Gulkan H, Irsen SH et al (2005) Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing. J Mater Sci Med 16:1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4716-5 Leong KF, Cheah CM, Chua CK (2003) Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs. Biomaterials 24:2363–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00030-9 Butscher A (2013) Powder based three-dimensional printing of calcium phosphate structures for scaffold engineering. ETH ZURICH Zocca A (2015) Additive manufacturing of porous ceramic structures from preceramic polymers. University of Padova Miguel C, Barbara G, Inês P et al (2015) The role of shell/core saturation level on the accuracy and mechanical characteristics of porous calcium phosphate models produced by 3D printingnull. Rapid Prototyp J 21:43–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-02-2013-0015 Bergmann C, Lindner M, Zhang W et al (2010) 3D printing of bone substitute implants using calcium phosphate and bioactive glasses. J Eur Ceram Soc 30:2563–2567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.04.037 Fu Q, Saiz E, Rahaman MN, Tomsia AP (2011) Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future perspectives. Mater Sci Eng C 31:1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.022 Suwanprateeb J, Sanngam R, Suvannapruk W, Panyathanmaporn T (2009) Mechanical and in vitro performance of apatite–wollastonite glass ceramic reinforced hydroxyapatite composite fabricated by 3D-printing. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:1281–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3697-1 Kokubo T, Takadama H (2006) How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials 27:2907–2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017 Utela B, Storti D, Anderson R, Ganter M (2008) A review of process development steps for new material systems in three dimensional printing (3DP). J Manuf Process 10:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2009.03.002 Kuznetsova DS, Timashev PS, Bagratashvili VN, Zagaynova EV (2014) Scaffold- and cell system-based bone grafts in tissue engineering (review). Sovrem Tehnol v Med 6:201–211 Suwanprateeb J, Kerdsook S, Boonsiri T, Pratumpong P (2011) Evaluation of heat treatment regimes and their influences on the properties of powder-printed high-density polyethylene bone implant. Polym Int 60:758–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3006 Suwanprateeb J, Chumnanklang R (2006) Three-dimensional printing of porous polyethylene structure using water-based binders. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 78B:138–145 Tay B, Zhang S, Myint M et al (2007) Processing of polycaprolactone porous structure for scaffold development. J Mater Process Technol 182:117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.07.016 Butscher A, Bohner M, Roth C et al (2011) Printability of calcium phosphate powders for three-dimensional printing of tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.027 Yao AWL, Tseng YC (2002) A robust process optimization for a powder type rapid prototyper. Rapid Prototyp J 8:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540210431004 Udroiu R Rapid tooling by three dimensional printing (3DP). Recent Res Manuf Eng 177–180 Vaezi M, Chua CK (2011) Effects of layer thickness and binder saturation level parameters on 3D printing process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 53:275–284 Stopp S, Wolff T, Irlinger F, Lueth T (2008) A new method for printer calibration and contour accuracy manufacturing with 3D-print technology. Rapid Prototyp J 14:167–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540810878030 Hsu T-J, Lai W-H (2010) Manufacturing parts optimization in the three-dimensional printing process by the Taguchi method. J Chinese Inst Eng 33:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2010.9671604 Jee HJ, Sachs E (2000) A visual simulation technique for 3D printing. Adv Eng Softw 31:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9978(99)00045-9 Kishioka A (1978) Glass formation in the Li2O-TiO2-P2O5, MgO-TiO2-P2O5, and CaO-TiO2-P2O5 systems. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 51(9):2559–2561 Kishioka A, Haba M, Amagasa M (1974) Glass formation in multicomponent phosphate systems containing TiO2. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 47(10):2493–2496 Szűcs TD (2008) Production of hard tissue scaffolds using three-dimensional printing method. Dublin city University Marshall J (2009) Personal Prototyping: Ceramics-based 3D inkjet and laser printing technology offers customized tissue engineering, body parts and more. Am Ceram Soc Bull 88:19–25