An improved fluorescence assay for the determination of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity using flow cytometry

Baxevanis, 1994, Characterization of the anti-tumor immune responses in human cancers and strategies for immunotherapy, Crit. Rev. Oncol. Haematol., 10.1016/1040-8428(94)90069-8 Baxevanis, 1993, Elevated prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes is responsible for the depressed levels of natural killer and lymphokineactivated killer cell function in patients with breast cancer, Cancer, 72, 491, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930715)72:2<491::AID-CNCR2820720227>3.0.CO;2-1 Baxevanis, 1993, Prothymosin-α restores depressed allogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis and natural killer-cell activity in patients with cancer, Int. J. Cancer, 53, 264, 10.1002/ijc.2910530216 Baxevanis, 1994, Induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity in mice by prothymosin α, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 38, 281, 10.1007/BF01533521 Baxevanis, 1994, IL-1α synergises with IL-2 in the outgrowth of autologous tumor-reactive CD8+ effectors, Br. J. Cancer, 10.1038/bjc.1994.361 Baxevanis, 1994, Tumor-specific cytolysis by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer, Cancer, 10.1002/1097-0142(19940815)74:4<1275::AID-CNCR2820740416>3.0.CO;2-Q Blomberg, 1986, Europium-labelled target cells in an assay of killer cell activity. I. A novel non-radioactive method based on time resolved fluorescence, J. Immunol. Methods, 86, 225, 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90457-6 Bonavida, 1983, The single cell assay in cell mediated cytotoxicity, Immunol. Today, 4, 196, 10.1016/0167-5699(83)90081-6 Brunner, 1968, Quantitative assay of the cytolytic action of immune lymphoid cells on 51Cr-labelled allogenic target cells: inhibition by isoantibody and by drugs, Immunology, 14, 18 Cavarec, 1990, An improved double fluorescence flow cytometry method for the quantitation of killer cell/target cell conjugate formation, J. Immunol. Methods, 130, 251, 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90055-Z Chang, 1993, Rapid flow cytometric assay for the assessment of natural killer cell activity, J. Immunol. Methods, 166, 45, 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90327-4 Glazer, 1990, A stable double-stranded DNA-ethidium homodimer complex: Application to picogram fluorescence detection of DNA in agarose gels, 87, 3851 Heo, 1990, Evaluation of tetrazolium-based semiautomatic colorimetric assay for measurment of human antitumor cytotoxicity, Cancer Res., 50, 3681 Hiserodt, 1982, Characterization of the cytolytic reaction mechanism of the human natural killer (NK) lymphocyte: Resolution into binding, programming, and killer cell-independent steps, J. Immunol., 129, 1782, 10.4049/jimmunol.129.4.1782 Hoshino, 1991, Flow cytometric measurement of NK cell cytotoxicity, J. Clin. Lab. Immunol., 36, 39 Keilholz, 1990, A modified cytotoxicity assay with high sensitivity, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 50, 879, 10.3109/00365519009104956 Kolber, 1988, Measurement of cytotoxicity by target cell release and retention of the fluorescent dye bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), J. Immunol. Methods, 108, 255, 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90427-9 Korzeniewski, 1983, An enzyme release assay for natural cytotoxicity, J. Immunol. Methods, 64, 313, 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90438-6 Kroesen, 1992, Direct visualisation of cellular cytotoxicity using two colour fluorescence, J. Immunol. Methods, 156, 47, 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90009-I Kruger-Krasagakes, 1992, A rapid and sensitive fluorimetric microassay for determining cell mediated cytotoxicity to adherent growing cell lines, J. Immunol. Methods, 156, 1, 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90004-D McGines, 1986, A fluorescence NK assay using flow cytometry, J. Immunol. Methods, 86, 7, 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90258-9 Papa, 1988, Natural killer function in flow cytometry. I. Evaluation of NK lytic activity on K562 cell line, J. Immunol. Methods, 107, 73, 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90011-7 Papamichail, 1992, Gamma-interferon enhances the cytotoxic activity of interleukin-2-induced LAK cells, J. Chemother., 4, 387, 10.1080/1120009X.1992.11739197 Papanastasiou, 1992, Promotion of murine antitumor activity by prothymosin á treatment. I, Induction of tumoricidal peritoneal cells producing high levels of tumor necrosis factor α, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 35, 145, 10.1007/BF01741862 Radcliff, 1991, Quantitation of effector/target conjugation involving natural killer (NK) or lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells by two-color flow cytometry, J. Immunol. Methods, 139, 281, 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90199-P Sanderson, 1976, The uptake and retention of chromium by cells, Transplantation, 21, 256 Schendel, 1993, Tumor-specific lysis of human renal cell carcinomas by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 151, 4209, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.8.4209 Slezak, 1989, Cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A highly sensitive and informative flow cytometric assay, J. Immunol. Methods, 117, 205, 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90142-7 Weston, 1990, New fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration studies, J. Immunol. Methods, 133, 87, 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90322-M Whiteside, 1992, Cytolytic cell functions, 220 Wierda, 1989, Comparison of fluorochrome-labelled and 51Cr-labelled targets for natural killer cytotoxicity assays, J. Immunol. Methods, 122, 15, 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90329-3