COVID-19 update: Covid-19-associated coagulopathy

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - Tập 50 - Trang 54-67 - 2020
Richard C. Becker1
1Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, Kaptein FHJ, van Paassen J, Stals MAM, Huisman MV, Endeman H (2020) Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. On-line April10 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z (2020) Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost JTH 18:844–847 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z (2020) Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 18:1094–1099 Helms J (2020) High risk of thrombosis in patients in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter propspective cohort study. J Intensive Care Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062 Leonard-Lorant I, Delabranche X, Severac F, Helms J, Pauzet C, Collange O, Schneider F, Labani A, Bilbault P, Moliere S, Leyendecker P, Roy C, Ohana M (2020) Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients on CT angiography and relationship to D-dimer levels. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201561 Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. New Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579:270–273 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395(10229):1054–1062 Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL, Li G, Brown JQ, Vander Heide RS (2020) Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in Covid-19: the first autopsy series from New Orleans. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20050575 Becker RC (2020) Toward understanding the 2019 Coronavirus and its impact on the heart. J Thromb Thrombolysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02107-6 Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M, Lely A, Navis G, van Goor H (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631–637 Wu XX, Zhao LZ, Tang SJ, Weng TH, Wu WG, Yao SH, Wu HB, Cheng LF, Wang J, Hu FY, Wu NP, Yao HP, Zhang FC, Li LJ (2020) Novel pathogenic characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N9: viraemia and extrapulmonary infection. Emerg Microb Infect 8:1–39 Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, Yuan ML, Zhang YL, Dai FH, Liu Y, Wang QM, Zheng JJ, Xu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ (2020) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579:265–269 Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, Feng B, Lou B, Zou Q, Xie G, Lin S, Wang R, Yang X, Chen W, Wang Q, Zhang D, Liu Y, Gong R, Ma Z, Lu S, Xiao Y, Gu Y, Zhang J, Yao H, Xu K, Lu X, Wei G, Zhou J, Fang Q, Cai H, Qiu Y, Sheng J, Chen Y, Liang T (2020) Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 369:m1443 Hu X, Xing Y, Jia J, Ni W, Liang J, Zhao D, Song X, Gao R, Jiang F (2020) Factors associated with negative conversion of viral RNA in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Sci Total Environ 728:138812 Chen W, Lan Y, Yuan X, Deng X, Li Y, Cai X, Li L, He R, Tan Y, Deng X, Gao M, Tang G, Zhao L, Wang J, Fan Q, Wen C, Tong Y, Tang Y, Hu F, Li F, Tang X (2020) Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity. Emerg Microb Infect 9:469–473 Hirschi KK, D'Amore PA (1996) Pericytes in the microvasculature. Cardiovasc Res 32:687–698 Sims DE (2000) Diversity within pericytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27:842–846 Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, Laurence J (2020) Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 Barnes BJ, Adrover JM, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, Borczuk A, Cools-Lartigue J, Crawford JM, Dassler-Plenker J, Guerci P, Huynh C, Knight JS, Loda M, Looney MR, McAllister F, Rayes R, Renaud S, Rousseau S, Salvatore S, Schwartz RE, Spicer JD, Yost CC, Weber A, Zuo Y, Egeblad M (2020) Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200652 Monteil V, Kwon H, Prado P, Hagelkruys A, Wimmer RA, Stahl M, Leopoldi A, Garreta E, Hurtado Del Pozo C, Prosper F, Romero JP, Wirnsberger G, Zhang H, Slutsky AS, Conder R, Montserrat N, Mirazimi A, Penninger JM (2020) Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004 Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H (2020) Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5 Sharma A, Garcia G, Arumugaswami V, Svendsen CN (2020) Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.04.21.051912 Willicombe M, Moss J, Moran L, Brookes P, Santos-Nunez E, McLean AG, Cairns T, Taube D, Cook TH, Roufosse C (2016) Tubuloreticular inclusions in renal allografts associate with viral infections and donor-specific antibodies. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:2188–2195 Jumic S, Nand S (2019) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: associated diagnoses and outcomes, a ten-year experience at a single institution. J Hematol (Brossard) 8:149–154 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033–1034 McGonagle D, Sharif K, O'Regan A, Bridgewood C (2020) The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease. Autoimmun Rev 102537. Pick R, Begandt D, Stocker TJ, Salvermoser M, Thome S, Bottcher RT, Montanez E, Harrison U, Forne I, Khandoga AG, Coletti R, Weckbach LT, Brechtefeld D, Haas R, Imhof A, Massberg S, Sperandio M, Walzog B (2017) Coronin 1A, a novel player in integrin biology, controls neutrophil trafficking in innate immunity. Blood 130:847–858 Becker RC, Sexton T, Smyth SS (2018) Translational implications of platelets as vascular first responders. Circ Res 122:506–522 Fitzgerald JR, Foster TJ, Cox D (2006) The interaction of bacterial pathogens with platelets. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:445–457 Loughman A, Fitzgerald JR, Brennan MP, Higgins J, Downer R, Cox D, Foster TJ (2005) Roles for fibrinogen, immunoglobulin and complement in platelet activation promoted by Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A. Mol Microbiol 57:804–818 Guo L, Rondina MT (2019) The era of thromboinflammation: platelets are dynamic sensors and effector cells during infectious diseases. Front Immunol 10:2204 Moreau D, Timsit JF, Vesin A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, de Lassence A, Zahar JR, Adrie C, Vincent F, Cohen Y, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E (2007) Platelet count decline: an early prognostic marker in critically ill patients with prolonged ICU stays. Chest 131:1735–1741 Brill A, Fuchs TA, Savchenko AS, Thomas GM, Martinod K, De Meyer SF, Bhandari AA, Wagner DD (2012) Neutrophil extracellular traps promote deep vein thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 10:136–144 Thalin C, Daleskog M, Goransson SP, Schatzberg D, Lasselin J, Laska AC, Kallner A, Helleday T, Wallen H, Demers M (2017) Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of citrullinated histone H3 as a marker for neutrophil extracellular traps in human plasma. Immunol Res 65:706–712 Yipp BG, Petri B, Salina D, Jenne CN, Scott BN, Zbytnuik LD, Pittman K, Asaduzzaman M, Wu K, Meijndert HC, Malawista SE, de Boisfleury CA, Zhang K, Conly J, Kubes P (2012) Infection-induced NETosis is a dynamic process involving neutrophil multitasking in vivo. Nat Med 18:1386–1393 Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, Patel KD, Chakrabarti S, McAvoy E, Sinclair GD, Keys EM, Allen-Vercoe E, Devinney R, Doig CJ, Green FH, Kubes P (2007) Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med 13:463–469 Jahr S, Hentze H, Englisch S, Hardt D, Fackelmayer FO, Hesch RD, Knippers R (2001) DNA fragments in the blood plasma of cancer patients: quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells. Can Res 61:1659–1665 Nakazawa F, Kannemeier C, Shibamiya A, Song Y, Tzima E, Schubert U, Koyama T, Niepmann M, Trusheim H, Engelmann B, Preissner KT (2005) Extracellular RNA is a natural cofactor for the (auto-)activation of factor VII-activating protease (FSAP). Biochem J 385:831–838 Kannemeier C, Shibamiya A, Nakazawa F, Trusheim H, Ruppert C, Markart P, Song Y, Tzima E, Kennerknecht E, Niepmann M, von Bruehl ML, Sedding D, Massberg S, Gunther A, Engelmann B, Preissner KT (2007) Extracellular RNA constitutes a natural procoagulant cofactor in blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:6388–6393 Gajsiewicz JM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH (2017) Polyphosphate and RNA differentially modulate the contact pathway of blood clotting. J Biol Chem 292:1808–1814 Baker CJ, Smith SA, Morrissey JH (2019) Polyphosphate in thrombosis, hemostasis, and inflammation. Res Prac Thromb Haemost 3:18–25 Wang Y, Luo L, Braun OO, Westman J, Madhi R, Herwald H, Morgelin M, Thorlacius H (2018) Neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complexes enhance thrombin generation via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in mice. Sci Rep 8:4020 Wang Y, Gao H, Shi C, Erhardt PW, Pavlovsky A, Soloviev DA, Bledzka K, Ustinov V, Zhu L, Qin J, Munday AD, Lopez J, Plow E, Simon DI (2017) Leukocyte integrin Mac-1 regulates thrombosis via interaction with platelet GPIbalpha. Nat Commun 8:15559 Wang Y, Li M, Stadler S, Correll S, Li P, Wang D, Hayama R, Leonelli L, Han H, Grigoryev SA, Allis CD, Coonrod SA (2009) Histone hypercitrullination mediates chromatin decondensation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Cell Biol 184:205–213 Li B, Liu Y, Hu T, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li T, Wang C, Dong Z, Novakovic VA, Hu T, Shi J (2019) Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance procoagulant activity in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 145:1695–1707 Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, Gockman K, Zuo M, Madison JA, Blair CN, Weber A, Barnes BJ, Egeblad M, Woods RJ, Kanthi Y, Knight JS (2020) Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.138999 Pitchford S, Pan D, Welch HC (2017) Platelets in neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation. Curr Opin Hematol 24:23–31 Thornton P, McColl BW, Greenhalgh A, Denes A, Allan SM, Rothwell NJ (2010) Platelet interleukin-1alpha drives cerebrovascular inflammation. Blood 115:3632–3639 van Gils JM, da Costa Martins PA, Mol A, Hordijk PL, Zwaginga JJ (2008) Transendothelial migration drives dissociation of plateletmonocyte complexes. Thromb Haemost 100:271–279 Grassle S, Huck V, Pappelbaum KI, Gorzelanny C, Aponte-Santamaria C, Baldauf C, Grater F, Schneppenheim R, Obser T, Schneider SW (2014) von Willebrand factor directly interacts with DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34:1382–1389 Clancy L, Beaulieu LM, Tanriverdi K, Freedman JE (2017) The role of RNA uptake in platelet heterogeneity. Thromb Haemost 117:948–961 Risitano A, Beaulieu LM, Vitseva O, Freedman JE (2012) Platelets and platelet-like particles mediate intercellular RNA transfer. Blood 119:6288–6295 Edelstein LC (2017) The role of platelet microvesicles in intercellular communication. Platelets 28:222–227 Oehmcke S, Morgelin M, Herwald H (2009) Activation of the human contact system on neutrophil extracellular traps. J Innate Immun 1:225–230 Elaskalani O, Abdol Razak NB, Metharom P (2018) Neutrophil extracellular traps induce aggregation of washed human platelets independently of extracellular DNA and histones. Cell Commun Signal CCS 16:24 Grasso S, Neumann A, Lang IM, Etscheid M, von Kockritz-Blickwede M, Kanse SM (2018) Interaction of factor VII activating protease (FSAP) with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Thromb Res 161:36–42 Seif K, Alidzanovic L, Tischler B, Ibrahim N, Zagrapan B, Rauscher S, Salzmann M, Hell L, Mauracher LM, Budde U, Schmid JA, Jilma B, Pabinger I, Assinger A, Starlinger P, Brostjan C (2018) Neutrophil-mediated proteolysis of thrombospondin-1 promotes platelet adhesion and string formation. Thromb Haemost 118:2074–2085 Grechowa I, Horke S, Wallrath A, Vahl CF, Dorweiler B (2017) Human neutrophil elastase induces endothelial cell apoptosis by activating the PERK-CHOP branch of the unfolded protein response. FASEB J 31:3868–3881 Ruf W, Ruggeri ZM (2010) Neutrophils release brakes of coagulation. Nat Med 16:851–852 Higuchi DA, Wun TC, Likert KM, Broze GJ Jr (1992) The effect of leukocyte elastase on tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Blood 79:1712–1719 Goel MS, Diamond SL (2003) Neutrophil cathepsin G promotes prothrombinase and fibrin formation under flow conditions by activating fibrinogen-adherent platelets. J Biol Chem 278:9458–9463 Kolpakov V, D'Adamo MC, Salvatore L, Amore C, Mironov A, Iacoviello L, Donati MB (1994) Neutrophil derived cathepsin G induces potentially thrombogenic changes in human endothelial cells: a scanning electron microscopy study in static and dynamic conditions. Thromb Haemost 72:140–145 Gould TJ, Vu TT, Swystun LL, Dwivedi DJ, Mai SH, Weitz JI, Liaw PC (2014) Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34:1977–1984 Carestia A, Rivadeneyra L, Romaniuk MA, Fondevila C, Negrotto S, Schattner M (2013) Functional responses and molecular mechanisms involved in histone-mediated platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 110:1035–1045 Semeraro F, Ammollo CT, Morrissey JH, Dale GL, Friese P, Esmon NL, Esmon CT (2011) Extracellular histones promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent mechanisms: involvement of platelet TLR2 and TLR4. Blood 118:1952–1961 Brinkmann V (2018) Neutrophil extracellular traps in the second decade. J Innate Immun 10:414–421 Kolaczkowska E, Jenne CN, Surewaard BG, Thanabalasuriar A, Lee WY, Sanz MJ, Mowen K, Opdenakker G, Kubes P (2015) Molecular mechanisms of NET formation and degradation revealed by intravital imaging in the liver vasculature. Nat Commun 6:6673 Savchenko AS, Borissoff JI, Martinod K, De Meyer SF, Gallant M, Erpenbeck L, Brill A, Wang Y, Wagner DD (2014) VWF-mediated leukocyte recruitment with chromatin decondensation by PAD4 increases myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Blood 123:141–148 Savchenko AS, Martinod K, Seidman MA, Wong SL, Borissoff JI, Piazza G, Libby P, Goldhaber SZ, Mitchell RN, Wagner DD (2014) Neutrophil extracellular traps form predominantly during the organizing stage of human venous thromboembolism development. J Thromb Haemost 12:860–870 Escher R, Breakey N, Lammle B (2020) Severe COVID-19 infection associated with endothelial activation. Thromb Res 190:62 Moldoveanu B, Otmishi P, Jani P, Walker J, Sarmiento X, Guardiola J, Saad M, Yu J (2009) Inflammatory mechanisms in the lung. J Inflamm Res 2:1–11 Wang JP, Kurt-Jones EA, Finberg RW (2007) Innate immunity to respiratory viruses. Cell Microbiol 9:1641–1646 Pittet JF, Griffiths MJ, Geiser T, Kaminski N, Dalton SL, Huang X, Brown LA, Gotwals PJ, Koteliansky VE, Matthay MA, Sheppard D (2001) TGF-beta is a critical mediator of acute lung injury. J Clin Investig 107:1537–1544 Tracey KJ (2002) The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420:853–859 Lefrancais E, Ortiz-Munoz G, Caudrillier A, Mallavia B, Liu F, Sayah DM, Thornton EE, Headley MB, David T, Coughlin SR, Krummel MF, Leavitt AD, Passegue E, Looney MR (2017) The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors. Nature 544:105–109 Sharma GK, Talbot IC (1986) Pulmonary megakaryocytes: "missing link" between cardiovascular and respiratory disease? J Clin Pathol 39:969–976 Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA (2013) Platelets in lung biology. Annu Rev Physiol 75:569–591 Hansson GK, Libby P, Schonbeck U, Yan ZQ (2002) Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 91:281–291 Becker RC (2020) Covid-19 treatment update: follow the scientific evidence. J Thromb Thrombolysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02120-9 Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, Barnaby DP, Becker LB, Chelico JD, Cohen SL, Cookingham J, Coppa K, Diefenbach MA, Dominello AJ, Duer-Hefele J, Falzon L, Gitlin J, Hajizadeh N, Harvin TG, Hirschwerk DA, Kim EJ, Kozel ZM, Marrast LM, Mogavero JN, Osorio GA, Qiu M, Zanos TP (2020) Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775 Gando S, Fujishima S, Saitoh D, Shiraishi A, Yamakawa K, Kushimoto S, Ogura H, Abe T, Mayumi T, Sasaki J, Kotani J, Takeyama N, Tsuruta R, Takuma K, Yamashita N, Shiraishi SI, Ikeda H, Shiino Y, Tarui T, Nakada TA, Hifumi T, Otomo Y, Okamoto K, Sakamoto Y, Hagiwara A, Masuno T, Ueyama M, Fujimi S, Umemura Y (2020) The significance of disseminated intravascular coagulation on multiple organ dysfunction during the early stage of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thromb Res 191:15–21 Onselaer MB, Hardy AT, Wilson C, Sanchez X, Babar AK, Miller JLC, Watson CN, Watson SK, Bonna A, Philippou H, Herr AB, Mezzano D, Ariens RAS, Watson SP (2017) Fibrin and D-dimer bind to monomeric GPVI. Blood Adv 1:1495–1504 van der Vorm LN, Remijn JA, de Laat B, Huskens D (2018) Effects of plasmin on von Willebrand factor and platelets: a narrative review. TH Open 2:e218–e228 Induruwa I, Moroi M, Bonna A, Malcor JD, Howes JM, Warburton EA, Farndale RW, Jung SM (2018) Platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI-dimer recognizes fibrinogen and fibrin through their D-domains, contributing to platelet adhesion and activation during thrombus formation. J Thromb Haemost 16:389–404 Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, Grasselli G, Novembrino C, Chantarangkul V, Pesenti A, Peyvandi F, Tripodi A (2020) Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14850 Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, Falanga A, Cattaneo M, Levi M, Clark C, Iba T (2020) ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 18:1023–1026 Taylor J (2012) ESC/EACTS Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 33:2371–2372 Kinasewitz GT, Zein JG, Lee GL, Nazir SA, Taylor FB Jr (2005) Prognostic value of a simple evolving disseminated intravascular coagulation score in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 33:2214–2221 Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, Nigoghossian CD, Ageno W, Madjid M, Guo Y, Tang LV, Hu Y, Giri J, Cushman M, Quéré I, Dimakakos EP, Gibson CM, Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Fareed J, Caprini JA, Tafur AJ, Burton JR, Francese DP, Wang EY, Falanga A, McLintock C, Hunt BJ, Spyropoulos AC, Barnes GD, Eikelboom JW, Weinberg I, Schulman S, Carrier M, Piazza G, Beckman JA, Steg PG, Stone GW, Rosenkranz S, Goldhaber SZ, Parikh SA, Monreal M, Krumholz HM, Konstantinides SV, Weitz JI, Lip GYH (2020) COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031 Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, Gerotziafas G, Zhang Z, Wan J, Liu P, Elalamy I, Wang C (2020) Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710019 Hermans C, Lambert C (2020) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on therapeutic choices in thrombosis-hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14845