Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk

Ågerstrand M, Berg C, Björlenius B, Breitholtz M, Brunström B, Fick J, Gunnarsson L, Larsson DGJ, Sumpter JP, Tysklind M, Rudén C (2015) Improving environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. Environ Sci Technol 49:5336–5345 Alan Plummer Associates (2015) Texas Water Development Board Final Report: direct potable reuse resource document, Volume 1 of 2 TWDB Contract No. 1248321508 Anquandah GAK, Sharma VK, Panditi VR, Gardinali PR, Kim H, Oturan MA (2013) Ferrate(VI) oxidation of propranolol: kinetics and products. Chemosphere 91:105–109 Association of California Water Agencies (2015) California’s Water: Water Recycling Imitates Nature. http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature. Accessed 28 July 2015 Backhaus T (2014) Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0585 Banjac Z, Ginebreda A, Kuzmanovic M, Marce R, Nadal M, Riera JM, Barcelo D (2015) Emission factor estimation of ca. 160 emerging organic microcontaminants by inverse modeling in a Mediterranean river basin (Llobregat, NE Spain). Sci Total Environ 520:241–252 Benotti MJ, Stanford BD, Snyder SA (2010) Impact of drought on wastewater contaminants in an urban water supply. J Environ Qual 39:1196–1200. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0072 Bercu JP, Parke NJ, Fiori JM, Meyerhoff RD (2008) Human health risk assessments for three neuropharmaceutical compounds in surface waters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50:420–427. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.014 Berendonk TU, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Fatta-Kassinos D, Cytryn E, Walsh F, Burgmann H, Sorum H, Norstrom M, Pons M, Kreuzinger N, Huovinen P, Stefani S, Schwartz T, Kisand V, Baquero F, Martinez JL (2015) Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:310–317. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3439 Besse JP, Garric J (2008) Human pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Implementation of a prioritization methodology and application to the French situation. Toxicol Lett 176:104–123 Birnbaum LS (1994) Endocrine effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs, dioxins, and other xenobiotics: implications for policy and future research. Environ Health Perspect 102:676–679 Boberg J, Johansson HKL, Hadrup N, Dreisig K, Berthelsen L, Almstrup K, Vinggaard AM, Hass U (2015) Perinatal exposure to mixtures of anti-androgenic chemicals causes proliferative lesions in rat prostate. Prostate 75:126–140 Boxall ABA, Rudd MA, Brooks BW, Caldwell DJ, Choi K, Hickmann S, Innes E, Ostapyk K, Staveley JP, Verslycke T (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions? Environ Health Perspect 120:1221–1229. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104477 Brausch JM, Connors KA, Brooks BW, Rand GM (2012) Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a review of recent toxicological studies and considerations for toxicity testing. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 218:1–99 Brodin T, Fick J, Jonsson M, Klaminder J (2013) Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science 339:814–815. doi:10.1126/science.1226850 Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Brooks BW (2014) An integrated approach for prioritizing pharmaceuticals found in the environment for risk assessment, monitoring and advanced research. Chemosphere 115:4–12 Catanese MC, Suvorov A, Vandenberg LN (2015) Beyond a means of exposure: a new view of the mother in toxicology research. Toxicol Res 4:592–612 Cleuvers M (2003) Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects. Toxicol Lett 142:185–194 Corcoran J, Winter MJ, Tyler CR (2010) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 40:287–304 Daughton CG, Ternes TA (1999) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environ Health Perspect 107:907–938 de Jesus Gaffney V, Almeida CMM, Rodrigues A, Ferreira E, Benoliel MJ, Cardoso VV (2015) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a water supply system and related human health risk assessment. Water Res 72:199–208. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.027 de Jongh CM, Kooij PJF, de Voogt P, ter Laak TL (2012) Screening and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in Dutch surface waters and drinking water. Sci Total Environ 427–428:70–77. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.010 De Voogt P, Janex-Habibi ML, Sacher F, Puijker L, Mons M (2009) Development of a common priority list of pharmaceuticals relevant for the water cycle. Water Sci Technol 59:39–46 Devarajan N, Laffite A, Graham ND, Meijer M, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Elongo V, Mpiana PT, Ibelings BW, Wildi W, Pote J (2015) Accumulation of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes, bacterial load, and metals in freshwater lake sediments in central europe. Environ Sci Technol 49:6528–6537. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01031 Di Nica V, Menaballi L, Azimonti G, Finizio A (2015) RANKVET: a new ranking method for comparing and prioritizing the environmental risk of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Ecol Ind 52:270–276 Diamond JM, Latimer HA, Munkittrick KR, Thornton KW, Bartell SM, Kidd KA (2011) Prioritizing contaminants of emerging concern for ecological screening assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:2385–2394. doi:10.1002/etc.667 Dong Z, Senn DB, Moran RE, Shine JP (2013) Prioritizing environmental risk of prescription pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 65:60–67 Du B, Haddad SP, Luek A, Scott WC, Saari GN, Kristofco LA, Connors KA, Rash C, Rasmussen JB, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW (2014) Bioaccumulation and trophic dilution of human pharmaceuticals across trophic positions of an effluent-dependent wadeable stream. Philos Trans R Soc Biol Sci 369:20140058. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0058 Falconer IR, Chapman HF, Moore MR, Ranmuthugala G (2006) Endocrine-disrupting compounds: a review of their challenge to sustainable and safe water supply and water reuse. Environ Toxicol 21:181–191 Fatta-Kassinos D, Meric S, Nikolaou A (2011) Pharmaceutical residues in environmental waters and wastewater: current state of knowledge and future research. Anal Bioanal Chem 399:251–275 Fernández C, Carbonell G, Babín M (2013) Effects of individual and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products on cytotoxicity, EROD activity and ROS production in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2). J Appl Toxicol 33:1203–1212 Galus M, Jeyaranjaan J, Smith E, Li H, Metcalfe C, Wilson JY (2013a) Chronic effects of exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture and municipal wastewater in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 132–133:212–222. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.016 Galus M, Kirischian N, Higgins S, Purdy J, Chow J, Rangaranjan S, Li H, Metcalfe C, Wilson JY (2013b) Chronic, low concentration exposure to pharmaceuticals impacts multiple organ systems in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 132–133:200–211 Guiloski IC, Ribas JLC, Pereira LDS, Neves APP, Silva de Assis HC (2015) Effects of trophic exposure to dexamethasone and diclofenac in freshwater fish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 114:204–211 Hauser R, Skakkebaek NE, Hass U, Toppari J, Juul A, Andersson AM, Kortenkamp A, Heindel JJ, Trasande L (2015) Male reproductive disorders, diseases, and costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:1267–1277 Inadera H (2006) The immune system as a target for environmental chemicals: xenoestrogens and other compounds. Toxicol Lett 164:191–206 Khan U, Nicell J (2015) Human health relevance of pharmaceutically active compounds in drinking water. AAPS J 17:558–585. doi:10.1208/s12248-015-9729-5 Khetan SK, Collins TJ (2007) Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a challenge to green chemistry. Chem Rev 107:2319–2364 Kim SD, Cho J, Kim IS, Vanderford BJ, Snyder SA (2007) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Res 41:1013–1021 Kiyama R, Wada-Kiyama Y (2015) Estrogenic endocrine disruptors: molecular mechanisms of action. Environ Int 83:11–40 Kostich MS, Lazorchak JM (2008) Risks to aquatic organisms posed by human pharmaceutical use. Sci Total Environ 389:329–339. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.008 Kuzmanovic M, Ginebreda A, Petrovic M, Barceló D (2015) Risk assessment based prioritization of 200 organic micropollutants in 4 Iberian rivers. Sci Total Environ 503–504:289–299 Leung HW, Jin L, Wei S, Tsui MMP, Zhou B, Jiao L, Cheung PC, Chun YK, Murphy MB, Lam PKS (2013) Pharmaceuticals in tap water: human health risk assessment and proposed monitoring framework in China. Environ Health Perspect 121:839–846 Li WC (2014) Occurrence, sources, and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and soil. Environ Pollut 187:193–201 Loraine GA, Pettigrove ME (2006) Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in Southern California. Environ Sci Technol 40:687–695 Luks-Betlej K, Popp P, Janoszka B, Paschke H (2001) Solid-phase microextraction of phthalates from water. J Chromatogr A 938:93–101 Luo Y, Guo W, Ngo HH, Nghiem LD, Hai FI, Zhang J, Liang S, Wang XC (2014) A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 473–474:619–641 Maeda N, Okumura K, Tanaka E, Suzuki T, Miyasho T, Haeno S, Ueda H, Hoshi N, Yokota H (2014) Downregulation of cytochrome P450scc as an initial adverse effect of adult exposure to diethylstilbestrol on testicular steroidogenesis. Environ Toxicol 29:1452–1459 Magureanu M, Mandache NB, Parvulescu VI (2015) Degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. Water Res 81:124–136 Maranghi F, Mantovani A (2012) Targeted toxicological testing to investigate the role of endocrine disrupters in puberty disorders. Reprod Toxicol 33:290–296 Martinez JL (2008) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science 321:365–367. doi:10.1126/science.1159483 Martins A, Guimarães L, Guilhermino L (2013) Chronic toxicity of the veterinary antibiotic florfenicol to Daphnia magna assessed at two temperatures. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 36:1022–1032 Meredith HR, Srimani JK, Lee AJ, Lopatkin AJ, You L (2015) Collective antibiotic tolerance: mechanisms, dynamics and intervention. Nat Chem Biol 11:182–188 Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 47:957–995 Miller G (2006) Integrated concepts in water reuse: managing global water needs. Desalination 187:65–75. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.068 Morasch B, Bonvin F, Reiser H, Grandjean D, De Alencastro LF, Perazzolo C, Chèvre N, Kohn T (2010) Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part II: micropollutant removal between wastewater and raw drinking water. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1658–1668 Muñoz I, José Gómez M, Molina-Díaz A, Huijbregts MAJ, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Calvo E (2008) Ranking potential impacts of priority and emerging pollutants in urban wastewater through life cycle impact assessment. Chemosphere 74:37–44 Nichols JW, Du B, Berninger JP, Connors KA, Chambliss CK, Erickson RJ, Hoffman AD, Brooks BW (2015) Observed and modeled effects of pH on bioconcentration of diphenhydramine, a weakly basic pharmaceutical, in fathead minnows. Environ Toxicol Chem 34:1425–1435. doi:10.1002/etc.2948 Oklahoma Water Resources Board (2015) Financial assistance: water for 2060 drought grants. https://www.owrb.ok.gov/financing/grant/droughtgrants.php. Accessed 28 July 2015 Oldenkamp R, Huijbregts MAJ, Hollander A, Versporten A, Goossens H, Ragas AMJ (2013) Spatially explicit prioritization of human antibiotics and antineoplastics in Europe. Environ Int 51:13–26 Oldenkamp R, Huijbregts MAJ, Hollander A, Ragas AMJ (2014) Environmental impact assessment of pharmaceutical prescriptions: does location matter? Chemosphere 115:88–94 Oliveira TS, Murphy M, Mendola N, Wong V, Carlson D, Waring L (2015) Characterization of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care products in hospital effluent and waste water influent/effluent by direct-injection LC–MS–MS. Sci Total Environ 518–519:459–478 Olkowska E, Polkowska Z, Ruman M, Namiesnik J (2014) Similar concentration of surfactants in rural and urban areas. Environ Chem Lett 13:97–104 Ortiz de Garcia SA, Pinto G, Garcia-Encina PA, Irusta-Mata R (2014) Ecotoxicity and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Ecotoxicology 23:1517–1533. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1293-8 Parolini M, Pedriali A, Binelli A (2013) Application of a biomarker response index for ranking the toxicity of five pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP) to the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 64:439–447 Perazzolo C, Morasch B, Kohn T, Smagnet A, Thonney D, Chèvre N (2010) Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part I: priority list for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1649–1657 Petrie B, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2014) A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res 72:3–27 Petrovic M, Škrbic B, Živancev J, Ferrando-Climent L, Barcelo D (2014) Determination of 81 pharmaceutical drugs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap in different types of water in Serbia. Sci Total Environ 468–469:415–428 Pomati F, Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Fanelli R, Vigetti D, Rossetti C, Calamari D (2006) Effects of a complex mixture of therapeutic drugs at environmental levels on human embryonic cells. Environ Sci Technol 40:2442–2447. doi:10.1021/es051715a Pomati F, Orlandi C, Clerici M, Luciani F, Zuccato E (2008) Effects and interactions in an environmentally relevant mixture of pharmaceuticals. Toxicol Sci 102:129–137 Postigo C, Richardson SD (2014) Transformation of pharmaceuticals during oxidation/disinfection processes in drinking water treatment. J Hazard Mater 279:461–475 Pote J, Ceccherini MT, Van VT, Rosselli W, Wildi W, Simonet P, Vogel TM (2003) Fate and transport of antibiotic resistance genes in saturated soil columns. Eur J Soil Biol 39:65–71. doi:10.1016/S1164-5563(03)00003-7 Prins GS (2008) Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 15:649–656. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0043 Pruden A (2014) Balancing water sustainability and public health goals in the face of growing concerns about antibiotic resistance. Environ Sci Technol 48:5–14 Qiao T, Yu Z, Zhang X, Au DWT (2011) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water in southern China. J Environ Monitor 13:3097–3103 Qin Q, Chen X, Zhuang J (2015) The fate and impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in agricultural soils irrigated with reclaimed water. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45:1379–1408 Ramos S, Homem V, Alves A, Santos L (2015) Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment—a review. Sci Total Environ 526:278–311 Reinthaler FF, Galler H, Feierl G, Haas D, Leitner E, Mascher F, Melkes A, Posch J, Pertschy B, Winter I, Himmel W, Marth E, Zarfel G (2013) Resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from sewage sludge in comparison with those isolated from human patients in 2000 and 2009. J Water Health 11:13–20. doi:10.2166/wh.2012.207 Ribeiro AR, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2012) Chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment. Environ Chem Lett 10:239–253 Ribeiro AR, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2014) Environmental fate of chiral pharmaceuticals: determination, degradation and toxicity. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 2:3–45 Ribeiro AR, Gonçalves VMF, Maia AS, Ribeiro C, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2015a) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC to analyse fluoxetine and metoprolol enantiomers in wastewaters. Environ Chem Lett 13:203–210 Ribeiro AR, Nunes OC, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT (2015b) An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU. Environ Int 75:33–51 Richardson SD, Ternes TA (2014) Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 86:2813–2848 Rochester JR (2013) Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod Toxicol 42:132–155 Roos V, Gunnarsson L, Fick J, Larsson DGJ, Rudén C (2012) Prioritising pharmaceuticals for environmental risk assessment: towards adequate and feasible first-tier selection. Sci Total Environ 421:102–110. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.039 Rosi-Marshall EJ, Kelly JJ (2015) Antibiotic stewardship should consider environmental fate of antibiotics. Environ Sci Technol 49:5257–5258 Sanderson H, Johnson DJ, Reitsma T, Brain RA, Wilson CJ, Solomon KR (2004) Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 39:158–183 Schwab BW, Hayes EP, Fiori JM, Mastrocco FJ, Roden NM, Cragin D, Meyerhoff RD, D’Aco VJ, Anderson PD (2005) Human pharmaceuticals in US surface waters: a human health risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 42:296–312. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.05.005 Schwarzenbach RP, Escher BI, Fenner K, Hofstetter TB, Johnson CA, von Gunten U, Wehrli B (2006) The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems. Science 313:1072–1077 Sharma VK, Anquandah GAK, Nesnas N (2009a) Kinetics of the oxidation of endocrine disruptor nonylphenol by ferrate(VI). Environ Chem Lett 7:115–119 Sharma VK, Anquandah GAK, Yngard RA, Kim H, Fekete J, Bouzek K, Ray AK, Golovko D (2009b) Nonylphenol, octylphenol, and bisphenol-A in the aquatic environment: a review on occurrence, fate, and treatment. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng 44:423–442 Sharma VK, Liu F, Tolan S, Sohn M, Kim H, Oturan MA (2013) Oxidation of β-lactam antibiotics by ferrate(VI). Chem Eng J 221:446–451 Shen R, Andrews SA (2011) Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection. Water Res 45:944–952 Taylor D, Senac T (2014) Human pharmaceutical products in the environment—the “problem” in perspective. Chemosphere 115:95–99 Teo TLL, Coleman HM, Khan SJ (2015) Chemical contaminants in swimming pools: occurrence, implications and control. Environ Int 76:16–31 Tölgyesi A, Verebey Z, Sharma VK, Kovacsics L, Fekete J (2010) Simultaneous determination of corticosteroids, androgens, and progesterone in river water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 78:972–979 Tran N, Drogui P, Brar SK (2015) Sonochemical techniques to degrade pharmaceutical organic pollutants. Environ Chem Lett 13:251–268. doi:10.1007/s10311-015-0512-8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP) | US EPA. In: http://www.epa.gov/ppcp/. Accessed 21 July 2015 US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) 2012 Guidelines for water reuse EPA/600/R-12/618 USEPA (2013) EPA/OPPT/Exposure Assessment Tools and Models/Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. In: http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm. Accessed 27 July 2015 Vasquez MI, Lambrianides A, Schneider M, Kümmerer K, Fatta-Kassinos D (2014) Environmental side effects of pharmaceutical cocktails: what we know and what we should know. J Hazard Mater 279:169–189 Vasudevan S, Oturan MA (2014) Electrochemistry: as cause and cure in water pollution—an overview. Environ Chem Lett 12:97–108 Verlicchi P, Galletti A, Petrovic M, BarcelÓ D (2010) Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. J Hydrol 389:416–428 Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E (2015) What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent?—An overview and a discussion on perspectives. Sci Total Environ 514:467–491 Wang Z, Zhang X-, Huang Y, Wang H (2015) Comprehensive evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) in typical highly urbanized regions across China. Environ Pollut 204:223–232 Wise LA, Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus LJ, Rothman KJ, Harlow BL (2015) Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and reproductive hormones in premenopausal women. J Dev Origins Health Dis 6:208–216 World Health Organization (2012) Pharmaceuticals in drinking-water. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2012/pharmaceuticals/en/. Accessed 27 July 2015 World Health Organization (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance, 2014. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/. Accessed 30 July 2015 Wu D, Huang Z, Yang K, Graham D, Xie B (2015) Relationships between antibiotics and antibiotic resistance gene levels in municipal solid waste leachates in Shanghai, China. Environ Sci Technol 49:4122–4128