Efficient recovery of rare earth elements from discarded NdFeB magnets

Al Arni, 2018, Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel, Renew. Energy, 124, 197, 10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060 Alonso, 2012, Evaluating rare earth element availability: a case with revolutionary demand from clean technologies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3406, 10.1021/es203518d Bian, 2015, Extraction of rare earth elements from permanent magnet scraps by FeO–B2O3 flux treatment, J. Sustain. Metall., 1, 151, 10.1007/s40831-015-0009-5 Bian, 2015, A thermodynamic assessment of the Nd–C system, Calphad, 51, 206, 10.1016/j.calphad.2015.10.001 Bian, 2015, Recovery of rare earth elements from permanent magnet scraps by pyrometallurgical process, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 34, 1 Bian, 2016, Recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnet by VIM-HMS method, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 4, 810, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00852 Binnemans, 2013, Recycling of rare earths: a critical review, J. Clean. Prod., 51, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.037 Bogart, 2016, Accomplishing simple, solubility-based separations of rare earth elements with complexes bearing size-sensitive molecular apertures, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, 14887, 10.1073/pnas.1612628113 Breivik, 2014, Tracking the global generation and exports of e-waste. Do existing estimates add up?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 8735, 10.1021/es5021313 Chae, 2014, Experimental investigation of diffusion behavior between molten Mg and Nd-Fe-B magnets, J. Alloys Compd., 586, S143, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.156 Dupont, 2015, Recycling of rare earths from NdFeB magnets using a combined leaching/extraction system based on the acidity and thermomorphism of the ionic liquid [Hbet][Tf2N], Green Chem., 17, 2150, 10.1039/C5GC00155B Dutta, 2016, Global demand for rare earth resources and strategies for green mining, Environ. Res., 150, 182, 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.052 Fröhlich, 2017, Valuable metals—recovery processes, current trends, and recycling strategies, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 2544, 10.1002/anie.201605417 Fu, 2011, Effect of temperature on gas composition and char structural features of pyrolyzed agricultural residues, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 8211, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.083 Gschneidner, 1986, The carbon-rare earth systems, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 7, 421, 10.1007/BF02867799 Habib, 2014, Material flow analysis of NdFeB magnets for Denmark: a comprehensive waste flow sampling and analysis approach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12229, 10.1021/es501975y Hoenderdaal, 2013, Can a dysprosium shortage threaten green energy technologies?, Energy, 49, 344, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.043 Hua, 2014, Selective extraction of rare earth elements from NdFeB scrap by molten chlorides, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2, 2536, 10.1021/sc5004456 Itoh, 2009, Novel rare earth recovery process on Nd–Fe–B magnet scrap by selective chlorination using NH4Cl, J. Alloys Compd., 477, 484, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.10.036 Jha, 2016, Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals, Hydrometallurgy, 165, 2, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.01.035 Khvan, 2015, An experimental investigation of the liquidus projection in the Fe–Ce–C system, J. Alloys Compd., 651, 350, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.074 Kim, 2015, Selective extraction of rare earth elements from permanent magnet scraps with membrane solvent extraction, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 9452, 10.1021/acs.est.5b01306 Li, 2003, The oxidation of NdFeB magnets, Oxid. Met., 59, 167, 10.1023/A:1023078218047 Li, 2011, Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon with a high mesoporosity, New Carbon Mater., 26, 130 Li, 2015, Technical development of agroforestry residue recycling based on patent analysis, Biomass Chem. Eng., 49, 32 Li, 2017, Designing and examining e-waste recycling process: methodology and case studies, Environ. Technol., 38, 652, 10.1080/09593330.2016.1207711 Lixandru, 2017, Identification and recovery of rare-earth permanent magnets from waste electrical and electronic equipment, Waste Manag., 68, 482, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.028 Maât, 2016, An innovative process using only water and sodium chloride for recovering rare earth elements from Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets found in the waste of electrical and electronic equipment, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 4, 6455, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01226 Maroufi, 2017, Thermal isolation of rare earth oxides from Nd–Fe–B magnets using carbon from waste tyres, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 6201, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01133 Miki, 2006, Activity measurement of the constituents in molten Fe–B and Fe–B–C alloys, Calphad, 30, 0, 10.1016/j.calphad.2006.07.001 Miura, 2006, Microwave absorption properties of the nano-composite powders recovered from Nd–Fe–B bonded magnet scraps, J. Alloys Compd., 408, 1391, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.025 Mochizuki, 2013, Selective recovery of rare earth elements from Dy containing NdFeB magnets by chlorination, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 1, 655, 10.1021/sc4000187 Moore, 2015, A route for recycling Nd from Nd-Fe-B magnets using Cu melts, J. Alloys Compd., 647, 997, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.238 München, 2017, Neodymium as the main feature of permanent magnets from hard disk drives (HDDs), Waste Manag., 61, 372, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.032 Nakamoto, 2012, Extraction of rare earth elements as oxides from a neodymium magnetic sludge, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 43, 468, 10.1007/s11663-011-9618-y Oden, 1989, Phase equilibria in the Al-Fe-C system: isothermal sections 1550°C to 2300°C, Metall. Trans. A, 20, 2703, 10.1007/BF02670164 Peng, 2014, Effect of volume fraction of oxygen on combustion characteristics of wood pellets and corn stalks, J. Therm. Sci. Technol., 13, 61 Rademaker, 2013, Recycling as a strategy against rare earth element criticality: a systemic evaluation of the potential yield of NdFeB magnet recycling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10129, 10.1021/es305007w Schulze, 2016, Estimates of global REE recycling potentials from NdFeB magnet material, Resour. Conserv. Recy., 113, 12, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.004 Sprecher, 2014, Life cycle inventory of the production of rare earths and the subsequent production of NdFeB rare earth permanent magnets, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3951, 10.1021/es404596q Svec, 1964, The hydrolysis of the rare earth carbides, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 26, 721, 10.1016/0022-1902(64)80315-8 Takeda, 2004, Phase equilibrium of the system Ag–Fe–Nd, and Nd extraction from magnet scraps using molten silver, J. Alloys. Compd., 379, 305, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.02.038 Takeda, 2006, Recovery of neodymium from a mixture of magnet scrap and other scrap, J. Alloys Compd., 408 Uda, 2002, Recovery of rare earths from magnet sludge by FeCl2, Mater. Trans., 43, 55, 10.2320/matertrans.43.55 Vander Hoogerstraete, 2014, From NdFeB magnets towards the rare-earth oxides: a recycling process consuming only oxalic acid, RSC Adv., 4, 64099, 10.1039/C4RA13787F Walton, 2015, The use of hydrogen to separate and recycle neodymium–iron–boron-type magnets from electronic waste, J. Clean. Prod., 104, 236, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.033 Wang, 2017, Recovery of rare earth elements with ionic liquids, Green Chem., 19, 4469, 10.1039/C7GC02141K Wolf, 1968, Magnetic properties of rare earth hydroxides, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 1134, 10.1063/1.1656198 Xu, 2004, Reclamation of Nd, Dy and Co oxides from NdFeB scrap, Chin. Rare Earth, 25, 31 Yang, 2017, REE recovery from end-of-life NdFeB permanent magnet scrap: A critical review, J. Sustain. Metall., 3, 122, 10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4 Yargicoglu, 2015, Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars, Waste Manag., 36, 256, 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.029 Yin, 2013, Characterization and activation of pyrolytic char from fast pyrolysis, J. Basic Sci. Eng., 21, 45 Yu, 2013, Preparation and characteristic of activated carbon from sawdust bio-char by chemical activation with KOH, Chin. J. Appl. Chem., 30, 1017 Zeng, 2018, Urban mining and its resources adjustment: characteristics, sustainability, and extraction, Sci. Sin. Terrae, 48, 288 Zhang, 2017, C, H, Cl, and in element cycle in wastes: vacuum pyrolysis of PVC plastic to recover Indium in LCD panels and prepare carbon coating, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 8918, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01737 Zhang, 2015, Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating time on biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of straw and lignosulfonate, Bioresour. Technol., 176, 288, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.011 Zheng, 2017, Efficient recovery of neodymium in acidic system by free-standing dual-template docking oriented ionic imprinted mesoporous films, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 730, 10.1021/acsami.6b13049