Fluoride in weathered rock aquifers of southern India: Managed Aquifer Recharge for mitigation
Tóm tắt
Climatic condition, geology, and geochemical processes in an area play a major role on groundwater quality. Impact of these on the fluoride content of groundwater was studied in three regions—part of Nalgonda district in Telangana, Pambar River basin, and Vaniyar River basin in Tamil Nadu, southern India, which experience semi-arid climate and are predominantly made of Precambrian rocks. High concentration of fluoride in groundwater above 4 mg/l was recorded. Human exposure dose for fluoride through groundwater was higher in Nalgonda than the other areas. With evaporation and rainfall being one of the major contributors for high fluoride apart from the weathering of fluoride rich minerals from rocks, the effect of increase in groundwater level on fluoride concentration was studied. This study reveals that groundwater in shallow environment of all three regions shows dilution effect due to rainfall recharge. Suitable managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods can be adopted to dilute the fluoride rich groundwater in such regions which is explained with two case studies. However, in deep groundwater, increase in fluoride concentration with increase in groundwater level due to leaching of fluoride rich salts from the unsaturated zone was observed. Occurrence of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l was more in areas with deeper groundwater environment. Hence, practicing MAR in these regions will increase the fluoride content in groundwater and so physical or chemical treatment has to be adopted. This study brought out the fact that MAR cannot be practiced in all regions for dilution of ions in groundwater and that it is essential to analyze the fluctuation in groundwater level and the fluoride content before suggesting it as a suitable solution. Also, this study emphasizes that long-term monitoring of these factors is an important criterion for choosing the recharge areas.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andrade R (2012) Integrated use of geophysical, hydrological and geographic information system (GIS) methods in enhancing the groundwater quality in a fluoride-endemic terrain (Andhra Pradesh, India). Hydrogeol J 20(8):1589–1597
Apambire WM, Boyle DR, Michel FA (1997) Geochemistry, genesis, and health implications of fluoriferous groundwater in the upper regions of Ghana. Environ Geol 35(1):13–24
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA
Arya S, Kumar V, Minakshi A, Dhaka A (2011) Assessment of underground water quality: a case study of Jhansi city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int Multidiscip Res J 1:11–14
Ayoob S, Gupta AK (2006) Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 36:433–487
Bhagavan SVBK, Raghu V (2005) Utility of check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in ground water and the resultant analysis of blood serum and urine of villagers, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geochem Health 27:97–108
BIS (2012) Indian standard drinking water specification, Second Revision ISO: 10500:2012, Bureau of Indian Standards, Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD 25, New Delhi, India
Brindha K (2012) Assessment of fluoride and uranium in groundwater and hydrogeochemical modelling in a proposed uranium tailings pond area, southern India. Ph.D. Thesis, Anna University, India (Unpublished thesis)
Brindha K, Elango L (2011) Fluoride in Groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures. In: Monroy S D (ed) Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management. Nova Publishers, p 111–136
Brindha K, Elango L (2013) Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in a weathered granitic rock region, southern India. Water Qual Exposure Health 5:127–138
Brindha K, Rajesh R, Murugan R, Elango L (2011) Fluoride contamination in groundwater in parts of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. Environ Monit Assess 172:481–492
Brunt R, Vasak L, Griffioen J (2004) Fluoride in groundwater: probability of occurrence of excessive concentration on global scale. International groundwater resources assessment centre, Utrecht, Report nr. SP 2004–2, Available from: http://www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php?fil_Id=125. Acessed on 9th May 2014
Chae GT, Yun ST, Mayer B, Kim KH, Kim SY, Kwon JS, Kim K, Koh YK (2007) Fluorine geochemistry in bedrock groundwater of South Korea, Sci. Total Environ 385(1–3):272–283
Coetsiers M, Kilonzo F, Walraevens K (2008) Hydrochemistry and source of high fluoride in groundwater of the Nairobi area, Kenya. Hydrol Sci J 53(6):1230–1240
Datta PS, Deb DL, Tyagi SK (1996) Stable isotope (180) investigations on the processes controlling fluoride contamination of groundwater. J Contam Hydrol 24:85–96
Davraz A, Sener E, Sener S (2008) Temporal variations of fluoride concentration in Isparta public water system and health impact assessment (SW-Turkey). Environ Geol 56(1):159–170
Deshmukh AN, Valadaskar PM, Malpe DB (1995) Fluoride in environment: a review. Gondwana Geol Mag 9:1–20
Dissanayake CB (1991) The fluoride problem in the ground water of Sri Lanka -environmental management and health. Int J Environ Stud 38(2):137–155
Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y (2006) Fluoride in drinking water. WHO, IWA publishing, p 1–144
Gaciri SJ, Davies TC (1993) The occurrence and geochemistry of fluoride in some natural waters of Kenya. J Hydrol 143:395–412
Gaumat MM, Rastogi R, Misra MM (1992) Fluoride level in shallow groundwater in central part of Uttar Pradesh. Bhu-Jal News 7(2&3):17–19
Gibbs RJ (1970) Mechanisms controlling worlds water chemistry. Science 170:1088–1090
Grimaldo M, Borja V, Ramirez AL, Ponce M, Rosas M, Diaz-Barriga F (1995) Endemic fluorosis in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. I. Identification of risk factors associated with human exposure to fluoride. Environ Res 68:25–30
Haidouti C (1991) Fluoride distribution in soils in the vicinity of a point emission source in Greece. Geoderma 49:129–138
Handa BK (1988) Fluoride occurrence in natural waters in India and its significance. Bhu-Jal News 3(2):31–37
He X, Ma T, Wang Y, Shan H, Deng Y (2013) Hydrogeochemistry of high fluoride groundwater in shallow aquifers, Hangjinhouqi, Hetao Plain. J Geochem Explor 135:63–70
Hem JD (1986) Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd edn) USGS Water Supply Paper 2254
Jagadeshan G, Elango L (2012) Groundwater quality assessment in part of Vaniyar River Basin, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Environ Prot 32(9):772–777
Jagadeshan G, Kalpana L, Elango L (2015a) Major ion signatures for identification of geochemical reactions responsible for release of fluoride from geogenic sources to groundwater and associated risk in Vaniyar River basin, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. India Environ Earth Sci. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4250-9
Jagadeshan G, Kalpana L, Elango L (2015b) Hydrogeochemical characterization of fluoride rich groundwater of Vaniyar river basin, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India. Geochem Int 53(6):554–564
Kalpana L (2014) Groundwater quality with special reference to fluoride and groundwater modelling for simulating the effect of managed aquifer recharge in Pambar basin, India. Ph.D. Thesis, Anna University, India (Unpublished thesis)
Kalpana L, Elango L (2013) Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Pambar River Sub-Basin, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Environ Prot 33(1):1–8
Kantharaja DC, Lakkundi TK, Basavanna M, Manjappa S (2012) Spatial analysis of fluoride concentration in groundwaters of Shivani watershed area, Karnataka state, South India, through geospatial information system. Environ Earth Sci 65(1):67–76
Karthikeyan K, Nanthakumar K, Velmurugan P, Tamilarasi S, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P (2010) Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environ Monit Assess 160:141–155
Kim K, Jeong GY (2005) Factors influencing natural occurrence of fluoride rich ground waters: a case study in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Chemosphere 58(10):1399–1408
Kim Y, Kim J-Y, Kim K (2011) Geochemical characteristics of fluoride in groundwater of Gimcheon, Korea: lithogenic and agricultural origins. Environ Earth Sci 63(5):1139–1148
Kundu N, Panigrahi MK, Tripathy S, Munshi S, Powell MA, Hart BR (2001) Geochemical appraisal of fluoride contamination of groundwater in the Nayagarh District of Orissa, India. Environ Geol 41:451–460
Lloyd JW, Heathcote JA (1985) Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to groundwater. Clarendon, Oxford
Madhnure P, Sirsikar DY, Tiwari AN, Ranjan B, Malpe DB (2007) Occurrence of fluoride in the groundwaters of Pandharkawada area, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. Curr Sci 92(5):675–679
Maithani PB, Gurjar R, Banerjee R, Balaji BK, Ramachandran S, Singh R (1998) Anomalous fluoride in groundwater from western part of Sirohi district, Rajasthan and its crippling effect of human health. Curr Sci 74(9):773–777
Mamatha P, Rao SM (2010) Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka. Environ Earth Sci 61(1):131–142
Matthess G (1982) The properties of groundwater. Wiley & Sons, New York, p 498
Mohapatra M, Anand S, Mishra BK, Giles DE, Singh P (2009) Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J Environ Manag 91:67–77
Mondal NC, Prasad RK, Saxena VK, Singh Y, Singh VS (2009) Appraisal of highly fluoride zones in groundwater of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh (India). Environ Earth Sci 59:63–73
Ortiz D, Castro L, Turrubiartes F, Milan J, Diaz-Barriga F (1998) Assessment of the exposure to fluoride from drinking water in Durango, Mexico using a geographic information system. Fluoride 31(4):183–187
Pettenati M, Picot-Colbeaux G, Thiéry D, Boisson A, Alazard M, Perrin J, Dewandel B, Maréchal J-C, Ahmed S, Kloppmann W (2014) Water quality evolution during managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in Indian crystalline basement aquifers: reactive transport modeling in the critical zone. Geochemistry of the Earth’s Surface meeting, GES-10, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 10,) 82–87
Pickering WF (1985) The mobility of soluble fluoride in soils. Environ Pollut Ser B 9:281–308
Rafique T, Naseem S, Usmani TH, Bashir E, Khan FA, Bhanger MI (2009) Geochemical factors controlling the occurrence of high fluoride groundwater in the Nagar Parkar area, Sindh, Pakistan. J Hazard Mater 171:424–430
Rajesh R, Brindha K, Murugan R, Elango L (2012) Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on temporal changes in groundwater quality in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Earth Sci 65:1203–1213
Raju NJ, Dey S, Gossel W, Wycisk P (2012) Fluoride hazard and assessment of groundwater quality in the semi-arid Upper Panda River basin, Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Hydrol Sci J 57(7):1433–1452
Rao NS (2003) Groundwater quality: focus on fluoride concentration in rural parts of Guntur districts, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hydrol Sci J 48(5):877–892
Rao DR, Narayana BL (1988) Origin and evolution of Gneiss-Charnockite rocks of Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, India. Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Deep Continental Crust of South India, p 147–148
Rao RS, Tucker SP (1996) Integrated remote sensing based approach to identify low fluoride drinking water sources – A case study of Nalgonda & Anantapur Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. In: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques to Integrated Rural Development, SIII.15–SIII.38
Rao RS, Krupanidhi KVJR, Venkata Swamy M, Rama Krishna GVA, Mastan Rao C, Subba Rao AV (1992) Integrated remote sensing based approach to identify low fluoride drinking water sources – a case study in part of Nalgonda District, AP. In: Sahai B, Kachhwaha TS, Ravindran KV, Roy AK, Sharma ND, Sharma PK (eds) Proceedings of the National Symposium on Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development, pp 219–223
Rao NVR, Suryaprakasa Rao K, Schuiling RD (1993) Fluorine distribution in waters of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geol 21:84–89
Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P, Sukhija BS, Reddy AGS, Smedley PL (2010) Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, India. Chem Geol 269(3–4):278–289
Sreedevi PD, Ahmed S, Made B et al (2006) Association of hydrological factors in temporal variations of fluoride concentration in a crystalline aquifer in India. Environ Geol 50:1–11
Tirumalesh K, Shivanna K, Jalihal AA (2007) Isotope hydrochemical approach to understand fluoride release into groundwaters of Ilkal area, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India. Hydrogeol J 15(3):589–598
Viswanathan G, Jaswanth A, Gopalakrishnan S, Sivailango S (2009) Mapping of fluoride endemic areas and assessment of fluoride exposure. Sci Total Environ 407:1579–1587
WHO (World Health Organisation) (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality, vol. 1, 2nd edn, Recommendations, WHO, Geneva, pp 130