Rewarding rush-hour avoidance: A study of commuters’ travel behavior

Ajzen, 1991, The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179, 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Arnott, 1990, Economics of a bottleneck, Journal of Urban Economics, 27, 111, 10.1016/0094-1190(90)90028-L Arnott, 1993, A structural model of peak-period congestion: a traffic bottleneck with elastic demand, American Economic Review, 83, 161 Avineri, 2003, Sensitivity to uncertainty: the need for a paradigm shift, Transportation Research Record, 1854, 90, 10.3141/1854-10 Avineri, 2006, The impact of travel time information on travelers’ learning under uncertainty, Transportation, 33, 393, 10.1007/s11116-005-5710-y Axhausen, 1992, Activity-based approaches to travel analysis: conceptual frameworks, models and research problems, Transport Reviews, 12, 324, 10.1080/01441649208716826 Bamberg, 2002, Choice of travel mode in the theory of planned behavior: the roles of past behavior, habit, and reasoned action, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 175, 10.1207/S15324834BASP2503_01 Bamberg, 2003, Does habitual car use not lead to more resistance to change of travel mode, Transportation, 30, 97, 10.1023/A:1021282523910 Banister, D., 1994. Equity and Acceptability Questions in Internalising the Social Costs of Transport. Internalising the Social Costs of Transport. OECD, Paris. Ben-Akiva, 1985 Ben-Elia, 2010, Which road do I take? A learning based model of route-choice and real-time information, Transportation Research, Part A, 249 Ben Akiva, M., Bolduc, D. (1996), Multinomial probit with a Logit kernel and a general parametric specification of the covariance structure, working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ben-Elia, 2008, The combined effect of information and experience on drivers’ route-choice behavior, Transportation, 35, 165, 10.1007/s11116-007-9143-7 Ben-Elia, 2009, Carrots versus sticks: rewarding commuters for avoiding the rush-hour – a study of willingness to participate, Transport Policy, 16, 68, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.03.005 Ben-Elia, E., Ettema, D., in press. Changing commuters’ behavior using rewards: a study of rush-hour avoidance. Transportation Research Part F. Ben-Elia, E., Bierlaire, M., Ettema, D., 2010a. A model of departure time choice with latent classes and peak-hour avoidance rewarding. In: 12th World Conference on Transportation Research, Lisbon. Ben-Elia, E., Ettema, D., Boeije, H., 2011. Behaviour change dynamics in response to rewards for rush-hour avoidance: a qualitative research approach. In Paper presented at 90th Annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Berridge, 2001, Rewarding learning: reinforcement, incentives and expectations Bhat, 1998, Accommodating variations in responsiveness to level-of-service variables in travel mode choice models, Transportation Research A, 32, 455, 10.1016/S0191-2615(98)00011-3 Bhat, 1999, An analysis of evening commute stop-making behavior using repeated choice observation from a multi-day survey, Transportation Research B., 33, 495, 10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00003-X Bhat, 2003, Simulation estimation of mixed discrete choice models using randomized and scrambled Halton sequences, Transportation Research, Part B, 37, 837, 10.1016/S0191-2615(02)00090-5 Bierlaire, M., 2003. BIOGEME: a free package for the estimation of discrete choice models. In Proceedings of the 3rd Swiss Transportation Research Conference, Ascona, Switzerland. Bierlaire, M., 2009. Estimation of discrete choice models with BIOGEME 1.8. Transport and Mobility Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Bliemer, M.C.J., van Amelsfort, D.H., 2008. Rewarding instead of charging road users: a model case study investigating effects on traffic conditions. In: Paper Presented at 3rd Kuhmo-Nectar Summer School and Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bliemer, M., Dicke-Ogenia, M., Ettema, D., 2009. Rewarding for avoiding the peak period: a synthesis of four studies in The Netherlands. In: Paper Presented at 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Jaipur. Bonsall, 2007, Responses to complex pricing signals: theory, evidence and implications for road pricing, Transportation Research, Part A, 41, 672 Chang-Hee, 2008, The Pudget Sound (Seattle) congestion pricing pilot experiment Cameron, 2001, Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: the myth continues, The Behavior Analyst, 24, 1, 10.1007/BF03392017 Cao, 2005, How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters, Transport Policy, 12, 291, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.03.003 Cherchi, E., 2009. Modelling individual preferences: State of the art, recent advances and future directions. In Paper presented at 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour and Research, Jaipur. Currie, G., 2010. A quick cost-effective solution to rail overcrowding – the 3 Melbourne Free “Early Bird” ticket experience. In Paper Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Dayan, 2002, Reward, motivation and reinforcement learning, Neuron, 36, 285, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00963-7 Deci, 1985 Eriksson, 2006, Acceptability of travel demand management measures: the importance of problem awareness, personal norm, freedom, and fairness, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 15, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.05.003 Ettema, 2010, Using incentives as traffic management tool: empirical results of the “peak avoidance” experiment, Transportation Letters, 2, 39, 10.3328/TL.2010.02.01.39-51 European Commission, 2006a. Keep Europe Moving – Sustainable Mobility for Our Continent. (Mid-term Review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper). Communication from the Commission. European Commission, COM(2006)314. European Commission, 2006b. Raising Awareness of ICT for Smarter, Safer and Cleaner Vehicles. Communication from the Commission. European Commission, COM(2006)59. Fishbein, 1975 Fujii, 2001, Changes in drivers’ perceptions and use of public transport during a freeway closure: effects of temporary structural change on cooperation in a real-life social dilemma, Environment and Behaviour, 33, 796, 10.1177/00139160121973241 Fujii, 2003, What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change, Transportation, 30, 81, 10.1023/A:1021234607980 Gärling, 1993, Psychological explanations of participants in everyday activities Gärling, 1998, Reintroducing attitude theory in travel behaviour research: the validity of an interactive interview procedure to predict car use, Transportation, 25, 147, 10.1023/A:1005004311776 Gärling, 2003, Introduction: habitual travel choice, Transportation, 30, 1, 10.1023/A:1021230223001 Gärling, 2001, Empirical tests of a model of determinants of script-based driving choices, Transportation Research Part F, 4, 89, 10.1016/S1369-8478(01)00016-X Gärling, 2004, Adaptation of private car use in response to travel demand management measures: potential roles of intelligent transportation systems, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Technology, Planning, and Operations, 8, 189, 10.1080/15472450490523883 Garling, T., Fujii, S., 2006. Travel behavior modification: theories, methods and programs. In Paper Presented at 11th IATBR Conference, Kyoto, Japan. Geller, 1989, Applied behavior analysis and social marketing: an integration for environmental preservation, Journal of Social Issues, 45, 17, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1989.tb01531.x Giuliano, G., 1994. Equity and fairness considerations of congestion pricing. In: Special Report 242: Curbing gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Traffic Congestion, vol 2. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Halton, 1960, On the efficiency of evaluating certain quasi-random sequences of points in evaluating multi-dimensional integrals, Numerische Mathematik, 2, 84, 10.1007/BF01386213 Harris, 1974, Transport demand models based on personal characteristics Hjorth, K., Fosgerau, M., 2008. Determinants of the degree of loss aversion. In Proceedings of the European Transport Conference, Noordwijkerhout. Jou, 2008, Dynamic commuter departure time choice under uncertainty, Transportation Research, Part A, 42, 774 Kahneman, 1979, Prospect theory – an analysis of decision under risk, Econometrica, 47, 263, 10.2307/1914185 Kahneman, 1984, Choices values and frames, American Psychologist, 39, 341, 10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.341 Kahneman, 1991, The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias: anomalies, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 193, 10.1257/jep.5.1.193 Knockaert, J., Bliemer, M., Ettema, D., Joksimovic, D., Mulder, A., Rouwendal, J., van Amelsfort, D., 2007. Experimental design and modelling Spitsmijden. Bureau Spitsmijden, The Hague. Kreps, 1997, Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 87, 359 Lawrence, C., Zhou, J., Tits, A., 1997. User’s guide for CFSQP version 2.5: AC code for solving (large scale) constrained nonlinear (minimax) optimization problems, generating iterates satisfying all inequality constraints. Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland. Lomax, T., Schrank, D., 2003. 2002 Urban Mobility Study. Texas Transportation Institute. Mayeres, 1996, Marginal and external costs of urban transport, Transportation Research, Part D, 1, 111, 10.1016/S1361-9209(96)00006-5 McFadden, 2000, Mixed MNL models of discrete response, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 15, 447, 10.1002/1099-1255(200009/10)15:5<447::AID-JAE570>3.0.CO;2-1 McFadden, 2007, The behavioral science of transportation, Transport Policy, 14, 269, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.07.001 Nijkamp, 1998 Palma, P.A., González, C.D., Carrasco, S.L., 2009. Gender differences in time use and mobility: time poverty and dual consumption. In: Paper Presented at Time Use Observatory, Santiago, Chile. Polydoropoulou, 1994, Influence of traffic information on drivers’ route-choice behavior, Transportation Research Record, 1453, 56 Revelt, 1998, Mixed MNL models for discrete response, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 647, 10.1162/003465398557735 Ronis, 1989, Attitudes, decisions and habits as determinants of repeated behaviour Rothengatter, 1992, The effects of police surveillance and law enforcement on driver behaviour, Current Psychological Reviews, 2, 349, 10.1007/BF02684467 Rouwendal, 2006, Basic economic principles of road pricing: from theory to applications, Transport Policy, 13, 106, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.007 Schuitema, 2003, Pricing policies in transport Schwanen, 2007, Gender differences in chauffeuring children among dual-earner families, The Professional Geographer, 59, 447, 10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00634.x Schwartz, 1977, Normative influences on altruism, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5 Senbil, 2004, Reference points in commuter departure time choice: a prospect theoretic test of alternative decision frames, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations, 8, 19, 10.1080/15472450490437726 Senbil, 2008, Policy effects on decisions under uncertain conditions simulation with mixed logit models of toll expressway use, Transportation Research Record, 2076, 1, 10.3141/2076-01 Shadish, 2002 Simon, 1982 Small, 2007 Thorndike, 1898, Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals, Psychological Monographs, 2, 10.1037/h0092987 Srinivasan, 2003, Analyzing heterogeneity and unobserved structural effects in route-switching behavior under ATIS: a dynamic kernel logit formulation, Transportation Research, Part B., 37, 793, 10.1016/S0191-2615(02)00063-2 Train, 1999, Mixed logit models for recreation demand Train, K., 2000. Halton sequences for mixed logit. Working paper. Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley. Train, 2002 Triandis, 1977 Triandis, 1980, Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior, 195 Verhoef, 2008, Road transport pricing: motivation, objectives and design from an economic perspective Verplanken, 1997, Attitude versus general habit: antecedents of travel mode choice, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 285, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00583.x Vickrey, 1969, Congestion theory and transport investment, American Economic Review, 59, 251 Viegas, 2001, Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility, Transport Policy, 8, 289, 10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5 Vonk Noordegraaf, D.M., Annema, J.A., 2009. Employer attitude to rush-hour avoidance. In Proceedings of the European Transport Conference. Noordwijkerhout. Walker, J.L., 2001. Extended Discrete Choice Models: Integrated Framework. Flexible Error Structures, and Latent Variables. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Walker, J.L., Ben Akiva, M., Bolduc, D., 2004. Identification of the Logit Kernel (or Mixed Logit) Model. Working paper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.