Modeling the impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate in Yangtze River Delta, China
Tóm tắt
The Yangtze River Delta Economic Belt is one of the most active and developed areas in China and has experienced quick urbanization with fast economic development. The weather research and forecasting model (WRF), with a single-layer urban canopy parameterization scheme, is used to simulate the influence of urbanization on climate at local and regional scales in this area. The months January and July, over a 5-year period (2003–2007), were selected to represent the winter and summer climate. Two simulation scenarios were designed to investigate the impacts of urbanization: (1) no urban areas and (2) urban land cover determined by MODIS satellite observations in 2005. Simulated near-surface temperature, wind speed and specific humidity agree well with the corresponding measurements. By comparing the simulations of the two scenarios, differences in near-surface temperature, wind speed and precipitation were quantified. The conversion of rural land (mostly irrigation cropland) to urban land cover results in significant changes to near-surface temperature, humidity, wind speed and precipitation. The mean near-surface temperature in urbanized areas increases on average by 0.45 ± 0.43°C in winter and 1.9 ± 0.55°C in summer; the diurnal temperature range in urbanized areas decreases on average by 0.13 ± 0.73°C in winter and 0.55 ± 0.84°C in summer. Precipitation increases about 15% over urban or leeward areas in summer and changes slightly in winter. The urbanization impact in summer is stronger and covers a larger area than that in winter due to the regional east-Asian monsoon climate characterized by warm, wet summers and cool, dry winters.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alpert P, Halfon N, Levin Z (2008) Does air pollution really suppress precipitation in Israel? J Appl Meteorol 47(4):933–943
Arnfield AJ (2003) Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Inter J Climatol 23:1–26
Bottyan Z, Kircsi A, Szegedi S, Unger J (2005) The relationship between built-up areas and the spatial development of the mean maximum urban heat island in Debrecen, Hungary. Inter J Climatol 25(3):405–418
Chen Y, Jiang WM, Zhang N, He XF, Zhou RW (2009) Numerical simulation of the anthropogenic heat effect on urban boundary layer structure. Theor Appl Climatol 97(1–2):123–134
Cui L, Shi J, Yang Y, Li G, Fan W (2008) Temperature change characteristics and its influence by urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta. Geograph Res 27(4):775–786, in Chinese
de Laat ATJ (2008) Current climate impact of heating from energy usage. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 89(51)
Dixon PG, Mote TL (2003) Patterns and causes of Atlanta's urban heat island initiated precipitation. J Appl Meteorol 42:1273–1284
Du Y, Xie ZQ, Zeng Y, Shi YF, Wu JG (2007) Impact of urban expansion on regional temperature change in the Yangtze River Delta. J Geograph Sci 17(4):387–398, in Chinese
Erell E, Williamson T (2007) Intra-urban differences in canopy layer air temperature at a mid-latitude city. Inter J Climatol 27(9):1243–1255
Fan HL, Sailor DJ (2005) Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia: a comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes. Atmos Environ 39(1):73–84
Ferguson G, Woodbury AD (2007) Urban heat island in the subsurface. Geophy Res Lett 34(23). doi:10.1029/2007gl032324
Flanner MG (2009) Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models. Geophy Res Lett 36. doi:10.1029/2008gl036465
Gong DY, Guo D, Ho CH (2006) Weekend effect in diurnal temperature range in China: opposite signals between winter and summer. J Geophy Res-Atmospheres 111(D18):2321–2324
Jin ML, Dickinson RE, Zhang DL (2005) The footprint of urban areas on global climate as characterized by MODIS. J Climate 18(10):1551–1565
Jones PD, Lister DH, Li Q (2008) Urbanization effects in large-scale temperature records, with an emphasis on China. J Geophy Res-Atmospheres 113(D16). doi:10.1029/2008jd009916
Kalnay E, Cai M (2003) Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature 423(6939):528–531
Kaufmann RK, Seto KC, Schneider A, Liu ZT, Zhou LM, Wang WL (2007) Climate response to rapid urban growth: evidence of a human-induced precipitation deficit. J Climate 20:2299–2306
Kusaka H, Kondo H, Kikegawa Y, Kimura F (2001) A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models: comparison with multi-layer and slab models. Bound-Layer Meteorol 101(3):329–358
Montaveza JP, Rodriguez A, Jimenez JI (2000) A study of the urban heat island of Granada. Inter J Climatol 20(8):899–911
Montaveza JP, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Valero F (2008) A simple model for estimating the maximum intensity of nocturnal urban heat island. Int J Climatol 28(2):235–242
Panicker AS, Pandithurai G, Safai PD, Kewat S (2008) Observations of enhanced aerosol longwave radiative forcing over an urban environment. Geophy Res Lett 35(4). doi:10.1029/2007gl032879
Parker DE (2004) Climate—large-scale warming is not urban. Nature 432(7015):290–290
Parker DE (2006) A demonstration that large-scale warming is not urban. J Climate 19(12):2882–2895
Pu LJ, Huang XJ, Peng PZ (2001) Analysis on the guarantee system of policy for balancing the arable land quantity a case study on Yangtze River Delta. J Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) 37:177–189, in Chinese
Raj PE, Devara PCS, Maheskumar RS, Pandithurai G, Dani KK (1997) Lidar measurements of aerosol column content in an urban nocturnal boundary layer. Atmos Res 45(3):201–216
Ren GY, Zhou YQ, Chu ZY, Zhou JX, Zhang AY, Guo J, Liu XF (2008) Urbanization effects on observed surface air temperature trends in north China. J Climate 21:1333–1348
Rizwan AM, Dennis YCL, Liu CH (2008) A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island. J Environ Sci-China 20:120–128
Shem W, Shepherd M (2008) On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: two numerical model case studies. Atmos Res. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.013
Shepherd JM, Pierce H, Negri AJ (2002) Rainfall modification by major urban areas: observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. J Appl Meteorol 41:689–701
Taha H (1997) Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy and Buildings 25:99–103
Taha H (2008) Episodic performance and sensitivity of the urbanized MM5 (uMM5) to perturbations in surface properties in Houston, Texas. Bound-Layer Meteorol 127:193–218
Tomita T, Kusaka H, Akiyoshi R, Imasato Y (2007) Thermal and geometric controls on the rate of surface air temperature changes in a medium-sized, midlatitude city. J Appl Meteorol 46:241–247
Unger J, Sumeghy Z, Zoboki J (2001) Temperature cross-section features in an urban area. Atmos Res 58:117–127
Wang W (2009) The influence of thermally-induced mesoscale circulations on turbulence statistics over an idealized urban area under a zero background wind. Bound-Layer Meteorol. doi:10.1007/s10546-009-9378-2
Wilhelm Kuttler SW, Schonnefeld J, Hesselschwerdt A (2007) Urban/rural atmospheric water vapour pressure differences and urban moisture excess in Krefeld, Germany. Inter J Climatol:2005-2015
Zhang H, Sato N, Izumi T, Hanaki K, Aramaki T (2008) Modified RAMS-urban canopy model for heat island simulation in Chongqing, China. J Appl Meteorol 47:509–524
Zhang Q, Zhao CS, Tie XX, Wei Q, Huang MY, Li GH, Ying ZM, Li CC (2006) Characterizations of aerosols over the Beijing region: a case study of aircraft measurements. Atmos Environ 40:4513–4527