Water demand and ecosystem nexus in the transboundary river basin: a zero-sum game
Tóm tắt
The water demand in the upstream and downstream of a transboundary river basin varies based on the water use by the irrigation projects, dam, hydroelectricity, ecosystem, livelihood practices and household activities of the people. The study considered the case of Teesta river basin and estimates the water demand of upstream, downstream region as well as entire Teesta river basin shared by India and Bangladesh. The water productivity method exercised in the study demonstrates that 2648 and 1971 cumec water is required to fulfill the irrigation demand of command and irrigable areas, respectively, of entire Teesta basin throughout the year against 198, 1472, 793 cumec water discharge in dry, monsoon and lean season. Although there is a substantial water demand for the hydropower projects in the upstream, it is appeared that water required only by the upstream irrigation project is beyond the water supply capacity of the Trans-Himalayan river Teesta during dry and lean season. This may underpin the shortage of water in the lower riparian country, which fuels the zero-sum game in the river basin, where one player is affected by the intervention of the another player. The result from this analysis with zero-sum game perspective may be useful for reviewing transboundary water policies, basin management and development, sustainable water resource management and water sharing mechanism among countries in the transboundary river basin.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdalla, I. (1971). The 1959 Nile waters agreement in Sudanese–Egyptian relations. Middle Eastern Studies, 7(3).
Ahmed, Q. K., Biswas, A. K., Rangachari, R., & Sainju, M. M. (Eds.). (2001). Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Region: A framework for sustainable development (pp. 143–196). Dhaka: University Press Limited.
Alcamo, J., et al. (2003). Ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment (p. 245). Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-403-0.
Arfanuzzaman, Md. (2015). Teesta Agreement: Facts, disputes and Bangladesh’s game plan. The Daily Star. http://www.the-dailystar.net/op-ed/facts-disputes-and-bangladeshs-game-plan-93133. Accessed 7 June 2015.
Arfanuzzaman, Md. & Ahmad, Q. K. (2015a). Teestai Bangladesher Najjo Hissa. Daily Prothom-alo. http://www.prothom-alo.com/opinion/article/495799. Accessed 7 Apr 2015.
Arfanuzzaman, Md., & Ahmad, Q. K. (2015b). Assessing the regional food insecurity in Bangladesh due to irrigation water shortage in the Teesta catchment area. Water Policy, 18(2), 304–317. doi:10.2166/wp.2015.072.
Bagla, P. (2010). Along the Indus River, saber rattling over water security. Science, 328, 1226–1227.
Bangladesh water development board (BWDB). (2015). Teesta Barrage Project annual report. Rangpur division, Ministry of Water Resources, GoB.
Bari, E., & Haque, A. K. E. (2016). The economics of taming Teesta River: Limits the choice of agricultural crop diversification. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 1–13.
Bedford, D. (1996). International Water Management in the Aral Sea Basin. Water International, 21, 63–69.
Binmore, K. (2007). Playing for real: a text on game theory, chapters 1 & 7. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530057-4.
Dombrowsky, I. (2009). Revisiting the potential for benefit sharing in the management of transboundary rivers. Water Policy, 11(2), 125–140p. doi:10.2166/wp.2009.020.
Islam, M. F., & Higano, Y. (2002). Equitable sharing of international waters: A proposal for optimal utilization of the Teesta river. Working paper, Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, University of Taskuba, Japan.
Karlin, S. (2014). Mathematical methods and theory in games, programming, and economics: Matrix games, programming, and mathematical economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
King, J., Brown, C., & Sabet, H. (2003). A scenario-based holistic approach to environmental flow assessments for rivers. River Research and Applications, 19, 619–639.
Lopez-Hoffman, L., Varady, R. G., Flessa, K. W., & Balvanera, P. (2010). Ecosystem services across borders: framework for transboundary conservation policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(2), 84–91.
Malla, S. K., Shrestha, S. K., & Sainju, M. M. (2001). Nepal’s water vision and the GMB basin framework. In Q. K. Ahmed, A. K. Biswas, R. Rangachari, & M. M. Sainju (Eds.), Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Region: A framework for sustainable development (pp. 143–196). Dhaka: University Press Limited.
Meek, T. H., & Meek, L. A. (2009). Increasing inequality is already making shortages worse. Nature, 459, 31.
Mekong River Commission (MRC). (2011). 1995 Mekong Agreement and Procedures. Office of the Secretariat, Lao PDR.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Wetlands and water synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment of the Ting Ting Hydroelectricity Project, Sikkim, India. Prepared by RS Envirolink Technologies Ltd.
Mullick, R. A., Babel, M. S & Perret, S. R. (2010). Flow characteristics and environmental flow requirements for the Teesta River, Bangladesh, Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10), Japan.
Parthasarathy, T. L., & Raghavan, T. E. S. (1971). Some topics in two-person games. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Payne, A.I., Sinha, R., Singh, H.R., & Huq, S. (2003). A review of the Ganges Basin: its fish and fisheries. In The second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 11–14 February. http://www.lars2.org/.
Raghavan, T. E. S. (1978). Completely mixed games and M-matrix. Journal of Linear Algebra And Applications, 21, 22–43.
Rahaman, M. M. (2012). Water wars in 21st century: speculation or reality? International Journal of Sustainable Society, 4(1/2), 3–10.
Shah, R. B. (2001). Ganges–Brahmaputra: The outlook for the twenty-first century. In A. K. Biswas & J. I. Uitto (Eds.), Sustainable development of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna basins (pp. 17–45). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Tanzeema, S., & Faisal, I. M. (2001). Sharing the Ganges: A critical analysis of the water sharing treaties. Water Policy, 3, 13–28.
Trivedi, S., Kumar, A., Philip, D., & Singh, E. (2013). Rivers of peace: Restructuring India Bangladesh relations. Mumbai: Strategic Foresight Group.
Upteri, B. C. (1993). Politics of Himalayan river waters: An analysis of the river water issues of Nepal, India and Bangladesh. New Delhi: Nirala Publications.
Vorob’ev, N. H. (1977). Game theory: Lectures for economists and system scientists. Berlin: Springer.
Waslekar, S., Futehally, I., Trivedi, S., Kumar, A., Philip, D., & Singh, E. (2013). Rivers for peace: Restructuring India Bangladesh relations. Mumbai: Strategic Foresight Group. ISBN 978-81-88262-19-9.
Wirsing, R. G., & Jasparro, C. (2007). River rivalry: Water disputes, resource insecurity and diplomatic deadlock in South Asia. Water Policy, 9, 231–251.
World Bank. Environmental Flows. http://water.worldbank.org/topics/environmental-services/environmental-flows. Accessed 10 May 2016.
World Wide Fund (WWF). (2011). Rivers for life: The case of conservation priorities in the face of water infrastructure development. Berlin: WWF Deutschland.