Anther and microspore culture ofLupinus albus in liquid culture medium

Embryo-like structures (ELS) with clearly defined cotyledons and radicles have been regenerated fromLupinus albus L. microspores. ELS induction from microspores in liquid medium was successful, with a maximum of over 3,500 ELS per anther being produced from microspores predominantly at the early binucleate stage of development. Cytological analysis revealed that first pollen grain mitosis occurred in closed buds with maximum ELS production being obtained from buds at the point of first petal emergence. Generally there was a lack of synchronisation of microspores within anthers from the less mature bud germination from ELS has not been observed; recurrent somatic embryogenesis occurred following internal cleavage within the ELS or on the surface of the ELS. Methods of increasing the level of mature ELS capable of germination are under investigation.