Diving metabolism and thermoregulation in common and thick-billed murres

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 163 - Trang 160-166 - 1993
D. A. Croll1, E. McLaren2
1Physiological Research Laboratory, A-004 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, USA
2Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, USA

Tóm tắt

The diving and thermoregulatory metabolic rates of two species of diving seabrid, common (Uria aalge) and thick-billed murres (U. lomvia), were studied in the laboratory. Post-absorptive resting metabolic rates were similar in both species, averaging 7.8 W·kg-1, and were not different in air or water (15–20°C). These values were 1.5–2 times higher than values predicted from published allometric equations. Feeding led to increases of 36 and 49%, diving caused increases of 82 and 140%, and preening led to increases of 107 and 196% above measured resting metabolic rates in common and thick-billed murres, respectively. Metabolic rates of both species increased linearly with decreasing water temperature; lower critical temperature was 15°C in common murres and 16°C in thick-billed murres. Conductance (assuming a constant body temperature) did not change with decreasing temperature, and was calculated at 3.59 W·m-2·oC-1 and 4.68 W·m-2·oC-1 in common and thick-billed murres, respectively. Murres spend a considerable amount of time in cold water which poses a significant thermal challenge to these relatively small seabirds. If thermal conductance does not change with decreasing water temperature, murres most likely rely upon increasing metabolism to maintain body temperature. The birds probably employ activities such as preening, diving, or food-induced thermogenesis to meet this challenge.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aschoff S, Pohl H (1970) Rhythmic variation in energy metabolism. Fed Proc 29:1541–1552 Ashmole NP (1971) Seabird ecology and the marine environment. In: Farner DS, King JR (eds) Avian biology, vol. 1. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 223–286 Barre H, Roussel B (1986) Thermal and metabolic adaptation to first cold-water immersion in juvenile penguins. Am J Physiol 251:R456-R462 Baudinette RV, Gill P, O'Driscoll M (1986) Energetics of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor: temperature regulation, the calorigenic effect of food, and molting. Aust J Zool 34:35–45 Bedard J (1985) Evolution and characteristics of the Atlantic Alcidae. In: Nettleship DN, Birkhead TR (eds) The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press, New York, pp 75–88 Bradstreet MSW, Brown RGB (1985) Feeding ecology. In: Birkhead TB, Nettleship DN (eds) The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press, New York, pp 263–318 Butler PJ, Woakes WJ (1984) Heart rate and aerobic metabolism in Humboldt penguins, Spheniscus humboldti, during voluntary dives. J Exp Biol 108:419–428 Costa DP, Kooyman GL (1984) Contribution of specific dynamic action to heat balance and thermoregulation in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Physiol Zool 57:199–202 Croll DA, Gaston AJ, Burger AE, Konnoff D (1992) Foraging behavior and physiological adaptation for diving in thick-billed murres. Ecology 73(1):344–356 Depocas F, Hart JS (1957) Use of the Pauling oxygen analyzer for measurement of oxygen consumption of animals in open-circuit systems and in a short-lag, closed circuit apparatus. J Appl Physiol 10:388–392 Drent RH, Stonehouse B (1971) Thermoregulatory responses of the Peruvian penguin, Spheniscus humboldti. Comp Biochem Physiol 40:689–710 Duffy DC (1983) Environmental uncertainty and commercial fishing: effects on Peruvian guano birds. Biol Conserv 26:227–238 Ellis HI (1984) Energetics of free ranging seabirds. In: Whithow GC, Rahn H (eds) Seabird energetics. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 203–234 Furness RW (1978) Energy requirements of seabird communities: a bioenergetics model. J Anim Ecol 47:39–53 Furness RW, Cooper J (1982) Interactions between breeding seabird and pelagic fish populations in the Southern Benguela region. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 8:243–250 Furness RW, Birkhead TR (1984) Seabird colony distributions sugges competition for food supplies during the breeding season. Nature (London) 311:655–656 Gabrielsen GW, Mehlum F, Karlsen HE (1988) Thermoregulation in four species of arctic seabirds. J Comp Physiol B 157:703–708 Gessaman JA, Nagy KA (1988) Energy metabolism: errors in gas-exchange conversion factors. Physiol Zool 61:507–513 Hui CA (1988) Penguin swimming. I Hydrodynamics. Physiol Zool 61:333–343 Irving L, Scholander PF, Grinnell SW (1941) The respiration of the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus. J Cell Comp Physiol 17:145–168 Johnson SR, West GC (1975) Growth and development of heat regulation in nestlings, and metabolism of adult common and thick-billed murres. Ornis Scand 6:109–115 Kendeigh SC, Dol'nik VR, Gavrilov VM (1977) Avian energetics. In: Pinowski T, Kendeigh SC (eds) Granivorous birds in ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 127–204 King JR (1974) Seasonal allocation of time and energy resources in birds. In: Paynter RA Jr (ed) Avian energetics. Publ Nuttal Ornith Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 23–40 Kooyman GL (1989) Diverse divers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Kooyman GL, Gentry RL, Bergman WP, Hammel HT (1976) Heat loss in penguins during immersion and compression. Comp Biochem Physiol 54A:75–80 Lasiewski RC, Dawson WR (1967) A re-examination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in birds. Condor 69:13–23 Lavigne DM, Innes S, Worthy GAJ, Kovasc KM, Schmithz OJ, Hickie JP (1986) Metabolic rates of seals and whales. Can J Zool 64:279–284 Piatt JF, Nettleship DN (1985) Diving depths of four alcids. Auk 102:293–297 Scholander PF, Hock R, Walters V, Irving L (1950) Body insulation of some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. Biol Bull 99:225–236 Stahel CD, Nicol SC (1982) Temperature regulation in the little penguin, Eudyptula minor, in air and water. J Comp Physiol 148:93–100 Tuck L (1961) The murres: their distribution, populations and biology — a study of the genus Uria. Candian Wildlife Monograph Series 1 Wanless S, Morris JA, Harris MP (1988) Diving behavior of guillemot Uria aalge, puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda as shown by radio telemetry. J Zool. (London) 216:73–81 Weathers WW (1979) Climatic adaptation in avian standard metabolic rate. Oecologia 42:81–89 Wiens JA, Scott JM (1975) Model estimation of energy flow in Oregon coastal seabird populations. Condor 77:439–452 Wilson RP, Hustler K, Ryan PG, Burger AE, Nöldeke EC (1992) Diving birds in cold water: do Archimedes and Boyle determine energetic costs? Am Nat 140:179–200 Wilson RP, Culik BM (1991) The cost of a hot meal: facultative specific dynamic action may ensure temperature homeostasis in post-ingestive endotherms. Comp Biochem Physiol 100A:151–154 Woakes AJ, Butler PJ (1983) Swimming and diving in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula, with particular reference to heart rate and gas exchange. J Exp Biol 107:311–329