Ethnobotany, diverse food uses, claimed health benefits and implications on conservation of barley landraces in North Eastern Ethiopia highlands
Tóm tắt
Barley is the number one food crop in the highland parts of North Eastern Ethiopia produced by subsistence farmers grown as landraces. Information on the ethnobotany, food utilization and maintenance of barley landraces is valuable to design and plan germplasm conservation strategies as well as to improve food utilization of barley. A study, involving field visits and household interviews, was conducted in three administrative zones. Eleven districts from the three zones, five kebeles in each district and five households from each kebele were visited to gather information on the ethnobotany, the utilization of barley and how barley end-uses influence the maintenance of landrace diversity. According to farmers, barley is the "king of crops" and it is put for diverse uses with more than 20 types of barley dishes and beverages reportedly prepared in the study area. The products are prepared from either boiled/roasted whole grain, raw- and roasted-milled grain, or cracked grain as main, side, ceremonial, and recuperating dishes. The various barley traditional foods have perceived qualities and health benefits by the farmers. Fifteen diverse barley landraces were reported by farmers, and the ethnobotany of the landraces reflects key quantitative and qualitative traits. Some landraces that are preferred for their culinary qualities are being marginalized due to moisture shortage and soil degradation. Farmers' preference of different landraces for various end-use qualities is one of the important factors that affect the decision process of landraces maintenance, which in turn affect genetic diversity. Further studies on improving maintenance of landraces, developing suitable varieties and improving the food utilization of barley including processing techniques could contribute to food security of the area.
Tài liệu tham khảo
CSA: Agricultural sample survey 2000/2001 (1993 E.C.) (September2000-February 2001), Volume 1 Report on Area and Production of Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season). Statistical Bulletin. 2000, Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency, 245:
Vavilov NI: The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Chronica Botanica. 1951, 13: 1-366.
Qualset CO: Sampling germplasm in a centre of diversity: An example of disease resistance in Ethiopian barley. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. Edited by: Frankel OH, Hawkes JG. 1975, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 81-96. EBP 2
Bonman JM, Bockelman HE, Jackson LF, Steffenson BJ: Disease and Insect Resistance in Cultivated Barley Accessions from the USDA National Small Grains Collection. Crop Science. 2005, 45: 1271-1280. 10.2135/cropsci2004.0546.
Lakew B, Semeane Y, Alemayehu F, Gebre H, Grando S, van Leur JAG, Ceccarelli S: Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 1997, 44: 109-116. 10.1023/A:1008644901982.
Teshome A, Baum BR, Fahrig L, Torrance JK, Arnason JT, Lambert JD: Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] landrace variation and classification in North Shewa and South Welo, Ethiopia. Euphytica. 1997, 97: 255-263. 10.1023/A:1003074008785.
Asfaw Z: The barleys of Ethiopia. Genes in the Field: On-farm Conservation of Crop Diversity. Edited by: Brush SB. 2000, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 77-107.
Hoisington D, Khairallah M, Reeves T, Ribaut J-M, Skovmand B, Taba S, Warburton M: Plant Genetic Resources: What Can They Contribute Toward Increased Crop Productivity?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 5937-5943. 10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937.
Toledo A, Burlingame B: Biodiversity and nutrition: A common path toward global food security and sustainable development. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006, 19: 477-483. 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.05.001.
Ceccarelli S, Grando S: Barley landraces from the Fertile Crescent: a lesson for plant breeders. Genes in the Field: On-farm Conservation of Crop Diversity. Edited by: Brush SB. 2000, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 51-76.
Jarvis D, Hodgkin T: Farmer decision making and genetic diversity: linking multidisciplinary research to implementation on-farm. Genes in the Field: On-Farm Conservation of Crop Diversity. Edited by: Brush SB. 2000, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 261-278.
Ranjil DK: Role of food tradition in conserving crop landraces on-farm. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment. 2010, 11: 107-119.
Tsegaye B, Berg T: Utilization of durum wheat landraces in East Shewa, central Ethiopia: are home uses an incentive for on-farm conservation?. Agriculture and Human Values. 2007, 24: 219-230. 10.1007/s10460-006-9055-8.
Bekele B, Alemayehu F, Lakew B: Food Barley in Ethiopia. Food Barley: Importance, Uses, and Local Knowledge. Edited by: Grando S, Macpherson HG. 2005, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 53-82.
Eticha F, Berghofer E, Grausgruber H: Utilization of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces in the highlands of West Shewa, Ethiopia. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization. 2008, 7 (2): 154-162.
Eticha F, Sinebo W, Grausgruber H: On-farm Diversity and Characterization of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Landraces in the Highlands of West Shewa, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2010, 8: 25-34.
CSA: Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4. 2011
CSA 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region. 2011, 1 (part 1):
Nishita KD, Bean MM: Grinding methods: Their impact on rice flour properties. Cereal Chem. 1982, 59: 46-49.
Yetneberk S, de Kock HL, Rooney LW, Taylor JRN: Effects of Sorghum Cultivar on Injera Quality. Cereal Chem. 2004, 81 (3): 314-321. 10.1094/CCHEM.2004.81.3.314.
Subrahmanyam SN, Hoseney RC: Shear Thinning Properties of Sorghum Starch. Cereal Chem. 1995, 72 (l): 7-10.
Reinheimer JL, Barr AR, Eglinton JK: QTL mapping of chromosomal regions conferring reproductive frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2004, 109: 1267-1274. 10.1007/s00122-004-1736-3.
G'orny AG: Variation in utilization efficiency and tolerance to reduced water and nitrogen supply among wild and cultivated barleys. Eupytica. 2001, 117: 59-66.
Newman CW, Newman RK: A brief history of barley foods. Cereal Foods World. 2006, 51: 4-7.
Bewket W: Rainfall variability and crop production in Ethiopia: Case study in the Amhara region. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Edited by: Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele. 2009, Trondheim, 823-836.
De Haan S: Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes. 2009, PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Gao L-Z: The conservation of Chinese rice biodiversity: genetic erosion, ethnobotany and prospects. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2003, 50: 17-32. 10.1023/A:1022933230689.
Negri V: Landraces in central Italy: where and why they are conserved and perspectives for their on-farm conservation. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2003, 50: 871-885. 10.1023/A:1025933613279.
Seboka B, van Hintum T: The dynamics of on-farm management of sorghum in Ethiopia: Implication for the conservation and improvement of plant genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2006, 53 (7): 1385-1403. 10.1007/s10722-005-5676-9.
Chambers KJ, Momsen JH: From the kitchen and the field: gender and maize diversity in the Bajio region of Mexico. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2007, 28: 39-56. 10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00275.x.
Ames NP, Rhymer CR: Issues Surrounding Health Claims for Barley. J Nutr. 2008, 138: 1237S-1243S.
Bird AR, Vuaran MS, King RA, Noakes M, Keogh J, Morell MK, Topping DL: Wholegrain foods made from a novel high-amylose barley variety (Himalaya 292) improve indices of bowel health in human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition. 2008, 99: 1032-1040.
Panfili G, Fratianni A, Di Criscio T, Marconi E: Tocol and β-glucan levels in barley varieties and in pearling by-products. Food Chemistry. 2008, 107: 84-91. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.043.
Keenan JM, Goulson M, Shamliyan T, Knutson N, Kolberg L, Curry L: The effects of concentrated barley β-glucan on blood lipids in a population of hypercholesterolaemic men and women. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007, 97: 1162-1168. 10.1017/S0007114507682968.
Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J: Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004, 80: 1185-1193.
Hallfrisch J, Scholfield DJ, Behall KM: Blood pressure reduced by whole grain diet containing barley or whole wheat and brown rice in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Nutrition Research. 2003, 23: 1631-1642. 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.08.014.
Bhatty RS: Milling yield and flour quality of hulless barley. Cereal Foods World. 1987, 32: 268-272.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Food Labelling: Health Claims; Soluble Fiber From Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Federal Register. 2008, 73 (37): 9938-9947.
Škrbić B, Milovac S, Dodig D, Filipčev B: Effects of hull-less barley flour and flakes on bread nutritional composition and sensory properties. Food Chemistry. 2009, 115: 982-988. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.028.
Knutsen SH, Holtekjølen AK: Preparation and analysis of dietary fibre constituents in whole grain from hulled and hull-less barley. Food Chemistry. 2007, 102: 707-715. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.006.
Ames NP, Rhymer CR, Rossnagel B, Therrien M, Ryland D, Dua S, Ross K: Utilization of diverse hulless barley properties to maximize food product quality. Cereal Foods World. 2006, 41: 23-28.
Munck L: The case of high-lysine barley breeding. Barley: Genetics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology. Edited by: Shewry PR. 1992, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 573-601.
Zhang F, Li L: Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Plant and Soil. 2003, 248: 305-312.
Alemu G, Bayu W: Effects of farmyard manure and combined N and P fertilizer on sorghum and soil characteristics in northeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2005, 26 (2): 23-41. 10.1300/J064v26n02_04.
Hurni H: Degradation and conservation of soil resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Mountain Research and Development. 1988, 8: 123-130. 10.2307/3673438.
Taddese G: Land Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia. Environmental Management. 2001, 27 (6): 815-824. 10.1007/s002670010190.
Tekle K: Land Degradation Problems and Their implications for Food Shortage in South Wello, Ethiopia. Environmental Management. 1999, 23 (4): 419-427. 10.1007/s002679900197.
Segele ZT, Lamb PJ: Characterization and variability of Kiremt rainy season over Ethiopia. Meteorol Atmos Phys. 2005, 89: 153-180. 10.1007/s00703-005-0127-x.
Mulat G, Yohannes T: South Wello in situ Crop conservation report for 1999/2000. A Dynamic Farmer-Based Approach to the Conservation of Ethiopia's Plant Genetic Resources. Edited by: Tanto T, Demissie A. 2001, IBCR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-35. Progress Report 1999/2000
Nyssen J, Simegn G, Taha N: An upland farming system under transformation: Proximate causes of land use change in Bela-Welleh catchment (Wag, Northern Ethiopian Highlands). Soil and Tillage Research. 2009, 103 (2): 231-238. 10.1016/j.still.2008.05.020.