Review Graphite

D. D. L. Chung1
1Composite Materials Research Laboratory, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA

Tóm tắt

Graphite is reviewed in terms of its physics and chemistry, with particular attention on its physical properties, intercalation compounds, exfoliated form, activated form, fibers and oxidation protection.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

M. INAGAKI, Nihon Enerugi Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 77(9) (1998) 857.

M. S. DRESSELHAUS and G. DRESSELHAUS, in Proc. 7th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology Section A-- Molecualr Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1994) Vol. 244, p. 1.

G. HARRIS, J. LENNHOFF, J. NASSIF, M. VINCIGUERRA, P. ROSE, D. JAWORSKI and J. GAIER, in Proc. 1999 31st International SAMPE Technical Conf., Advanced Materials and Processes Preparing for the New Millennium (1999) Vol. 31, p. 122.

D. D. L. CHUNG, J. Mater. Sci. 22(12) (1987) 4190.

Idem., J. Mater. Eng. Perf. 9(2) (2000).

J. D. BERNAL, Proc. Roy. Soc. A106 (1924) 749.

R. W. G. WYCKOFF, “Crystal Structures,” Vol. 1 (Interscience, New York, 1963).

W. RULAND, “Chemistry and Physices of Carbon,” edited by Walker and Thrower (1968) Chapter 4.

L. J. BRILLSON, E. BURSTEIN, A. A. MARADUDIN and T. STARK, “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors,” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergamon Press, NewYork, 1971) p. 187.

H. LIPSON and A. R. STOKES, Proc. Roy. Soc. A227 (1942) 330.

H. JAGODZINSKI, Acta Cryst. 2 (1949) 298.

R. R. HAERING, Can. J. Phys. 36 (1958) 352.

J. W. MCCLURE, Carbon 7 (1969) 425.

G. E. BACON, Acta Cryst. 3 (1950) 20.

H. P. BOEHM and U. HOFMANN, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 278 (1955) 58.

Idem., ibid. 278 (1955) 299.

W. P. EATHERLY, private communications, 1975.

A. W. MOORE, Ned. Tijdschrift Natuurkde (Netherlands) 32(7) (1966) 221.

Idem. in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon,” edited by P. L. Walker, Jr. (Dekker, New York, 1973) Chapter 11, p. 69.

J. C. SLONCZEWSKI and P. R. WEISS, Phys. Rev. 109 (1958) 272.

J. W. MCCLURE, ibid. 108 (1957) 612.

M. S. DRESSELHAUS, G. DRESSELHAUS and J. E. FISCHER, ibid. B15 (1977) 3180.

P. R. SCHROEDER, M. S. DRESSELHAUS and A. JAVAN, in “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergamon Press, New York, 1971) p. 139.

B. L. HEFLINGER, M. S. tithesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1971.

W. W. TOY, M. S. DRESSELHAUS and G. DRESSELHAUS, Phys. Rev. B15 (1977).

I. L. SPAIN, in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbons,” edited by Walker and Thrower (1973) Vol. 8, Chapter 1.

J. W. MCCLURE, in “The Physics of Semimetals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors,” edited by Carter and Bate (Pergaman Press, New York, 1971) p. 127.

Idem., Phys. Rev. 119 (1960) 606.

M. INOUE, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 17 (1962) 808.

P. R. SCHROEDER, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A, 1969.

G. F. DRESSELHAUS, Phys. Rev. B10 (1974) 3602.

I. L. SPAIN, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) A262 (1967) 1128.

L. J. BRILLSON, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1972.

F. TUINSTRA and J. L. KOENIG, J. Chem. Phys. 53 (1970) 1126.

R. A. FRIEDEL and G. L. CARLSON, J. Phys. C 75 (1971) 1149.

R. NICKLOW, N. WAKABAYASHI and H. G. SMITH, Phys. Rev. B5 (1972) 4951.

J. J. SONG, D. D. L. CHUNG, P. C. EKLUND and M. S. DRESSELHAUS, Solid State Comm. 20 (1976) 1111.

G. HERZBERG, “Molecualr Spectra and Molecular Structure” (Van Nostrand, New York, 1950).

R. J. NEMANICH and S. A. SOLIN, Solid State Comm. 23(7) (1977) 417.

G. R. HENNIG, in “Proc. of the 2nd Carbon Conf. (Pergaman Press, Oxford, 1956) p. 103.

H. L. RILEY, Fuel 24 (1945) 8; Idem., ibid. 24 (1945) 24.

G. R. HENNIG, in “Progr. Inorg. Chem.,” edited by F. A. Cotton (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1959) Chapter 1, p. 125.

W. RUDORFF, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 1 (1959) 223.

R. C. CROFT, Q. Rev. XIV (1960) 1.

L. B. EBERT, Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 6 (1976)181.

M. ASANO, T. SASAKI, T. ABE, Y. MIZUTANI and T. HARADA, J. Phy. & Chem. Solids 57 (1996) 787.

C. T. HO and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 28(6) (1990) 825.

G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 1438.

U. HOLFMANN and R. HOLST, Berichten 72 (1939) 754.

O. RUFF, D. BRETSCHREIDER and F. EBERT, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 217 (1934) 1.

R. J. LAGOW, R. B. BADACHHAPE, J. L. WOOD and J. L. MARGRAVE, Chem. Soc. Dalton (1974) 1268.

T. NAKAJIMA, M. KOH, V. GUPTA, B. ZEMVA and K. LUTAR, Electrochimica Acta 45(10) (2000) 1655.

L. B. EBERT, J. I. BRAUMAN and R. A. HUGGINS, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (1974) 7841.

D. E. PALIN and K. D. WADSWORTH, Nature 162 (1958) 925.

W. RUDORFF and G. RUDORFF, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 253 (1947) 281.

A. M. PANICH, Synthetic Metals 100(2) (1999) 169.

R. J. LAGOW, L. A. SHIMP, D. K. LAM and R. F. BADDOUR, Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972) 2568.

F. R. M. MCDONNELL, R. C. PINK and A. R. UBBELOHDE, J. Chem. Soc. (1951) 191.

T. SASA, Y. TAKAHASHI and T. MUKAIBO, Carbon 9 (1971) 407.

G. A. SAUNDERS, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, Proc. Roy. Soc. A271 (1963) 499.

W. RUDORFF and U. HOFMANN, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 238 (1938) 1.

L. C. F. BLACKMAN, J. F. MATHEWS and A. R. UBBELOHDE, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A258 (1960) 329.

G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 1443.

W. RUDORFF, V. SILS and R. ZELLER, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 283 (1956) 299.

D. D. L. CHUNG, Phase Transitions 8 (1986) 35.

S. HIGAI, S. MIZUNO, S. SUZUKI and K. NAKAO, in Proc. 1998 9th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1998) Vol. 310, p. 267.

D. GUERARD, P. LAGRANGE, A. HEROLD and F. ROUSSEAUX, Synthetic Metals 23(1–4) (1988); Idem., in Graphite Intercalation Compd., Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium (1987) p. 421.

C. HEROLD, M. EL GADI, J.-F. MARECHE and P. LA GRANGE, in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology, Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1994) Vol. 244, p. 41.

I. A. UDOD, Synthetic Metals 88(2) (1997) 127.

A. FUNABIKI, M. INABA, T. ABE and Z. OGUMI, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(7) (1999) 2443.

R. JUZA and V. WHELE, Natw. 52 (1965) 560.

W.-C. OH, S.-J. CHO and Y.-S. KO, Carbon 34(2) (1992) 209.

K. GUERIN, A. FEVRIER-BOUVIER, S. FLANDROIS, M. COUZI, B. SIMON and P. BIENSAN, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(10) (1999) 3660.

D. BILLAUD, L. THEVENOT and P. WILLMANN, Electrochimica Acta 45(1) (1999) 59.

Y.-C. CHANG and H.-J. SOHN, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147(1) (2000) 50.

C. SIMONNARD, A. METROT and P. WILLMANN, in Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds, Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology, Section A--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (2000) Vol. 340, p. 461.

C. WANG, I. KAKWAN, A. J. APPLEBY and F. E. LITTLE, J. Electroanalytical Chem. 489(1) (2000) 55.

M. ENDO, C. KIM, K. NISHIMURA, T. FUJINO and K. MIYASHITA, Carbon 38(2) (2000) 183.

L. C. F. BLACKMAN, J. F. MATHEWS and A. R. UBBELOHDE, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A258 (1960) 339.

A. HEROLD, J.-F. MARECHE and M. LELAURAIN, Carbon 38(14) (2000) 1955.

H. SHIOYAMA, Y. WAKUKAWA and Y. SAWADA, in Proc. 1998 9th International Symp. Intercalation Compounds, Molecualr Crystals & Liquid Crystals Science & Technology SectionA--Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals (1998)Vol. 310, p. 69.

T.-R. PARK, Solid State Comm. 106(8) (1998) 523.

H. OGATA, S. MIYAJIMA, K. MATSUTSUJI and T. ENOKI, J. Phys. & Chem. of Solids 57(6–8) (1996) 703.

S. A. SOLIN and H. ZABEL, Adv. Phys. 37(2) (1988) 87.

A. M. ZIATDINOV and N. M. MISHCHENKO, Solid State Comm. 97(12) (1996) 1085.

D. ALLIATA, R. KOTZ, O. HAAS and H. SIEGENTHALER, Langmuir 15(24) (1999) 8483.

W. RUDORFF, Z. Phys. Chem. B45 (1939) 42.

M. J. BOTTOMLEY, G. S. PARRY, A. R. UBBELOHDE and D. A. YOUNG, J. Chem. Soc. (1963) 5674.

P. SCHAFHAUTL, J. Prakt. Chem. 21 (1841) 155.

L. E. A. BERLOUIS and D. J. SCHIFFRIN, J. Applied Electrochem. 13(2) (1983) 147.

H. THIELE, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 206 (1932) 407.

G. R. HENNIG, J. Chem. Phys. 19 (1951) 922.

S. ARONSON, C. FRISHBERG and G. FRANKL, Carbon 9 (1971) 715.

A. FRENZEL and U. HOFMANN, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 40 (1934) 511.

M. INAGAKI, Carbon 4 (1966) 137.

H. THIELE, Z. Anorg. u. Allgem. Chem. 207 (1932) 340.

W. RUDORFF and H. SCHULZ, ibid. 245 (1940) 121.

W. METZ and D. HOHLWEIN, Carbon 13 (1975) 84; Idem., ibid. 13 (1975) 87.

F. KANG, Y. LENG, T.-Y. ZHANG and B. LI, ibid. 36(4) (1998) 383.

M. BAXENDALE, V. Z. MORDKOVICH and S. YOSHIMURA, Solid State Comm. 107(4) (1998) 165.

J. MELIN and A. HEROLD, C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. C280 (1975) 641.

W. SHEN, S. WEN, N. CAO, L. ZHENG, W. ZHOU, Y. LIU and J. GU, Carbon 37(2) (1999) 356.

S. WANG and D. D. L. CHUNG, Composite Interfaces 6(6) (1999) 519.

G. R. ST PIERRE, Metallurgia Italiana 85(10) (1993) 603.

J. R. STRIFE, in “Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Part 1: Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites” (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 121.

X. YUAN, L. CHENG and L. ZHANG, Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 16(4) (1998) 632.

Y. V. DZYADIKEVICH and V. E. OLEJNIK,Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya (3/4) (1996) 41.

L. F. CHENG, Y. XU, L. ZHANG and X. YIN, Carbon 38(10) (2000) 1493.

T. H. ASHLEY and O. O. OCHOA, Compos. Sci. & Tech. 59(13) (1999) 1959.

A. OTSUKA, K. SAKAMOTO and H. MASUMOTO, Mater. Sci. Res. Int. 5(3) (1999) 163.

S.-J. PARK, J.-G. HAN and J.-H. BOO, in 42nd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings (1999) 368.

Q. ZHU, X. QIU and C. MA, Carbon 37(9) (1999) 1475.

T. AOKI and H. HATTA, Zairyo to Kankyo/Corrosion Eng. 48(3) (1999) 123.

N. S. JACOBSON, T. A. LEONHARDT, D. M. CURRY and R. A. RAPP, Carbon 37(3) (1999) 411.

Q. GUO, J. SONG, L. LIU and B. ZHANG, ibid. 37(1) (1999) 149.

H. HATTA, E. SUDO, Y. KOGO and I. SHIOTA, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 62(9) (1998) 861.

L. CHENG, L. ZHANG, Y. XU and M. LI, Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/J. Northwestern Polytechnical University 16(1) (1998) 129.

Q. ZHU, X. QIU and C. MA, Qinghau Daxue Xuebao/J. Tsinghua University 37(6) (1997) 58.

Y. KOGO, H. HATTA, A. OKURA, Y. GOTO, Y. SAWADA, Y. OYA-SEIMIYA, et al., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 62(2) (1998) 197.

L. CHENG, L. ZHANG and Y. XU, Cailiao Yanjiu Xuebao/Chinese J. Mater. Res. 10(6) (1996) 665.

C.-C. M. MA, N.-H. TAI, W.-C. CHANG and H.-T. CHAO, J. Mater. Sci. 31(3) (1996) 649.

A. SAKAI, N. KITAMORI, K. NISHI and S. MOTOJIMA, Mater. Letters 25 (1/2) (1995) 61.

H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Carbon 33(9) (1995) 1279.

Y.-Q. WANG, Z.-M. WANG, J.-Y. YANG, F.-Q. ZHANG and B.-L. ZHOU, Compos. Manufacturing 6(2) (1995) 103.

F. LAMOUROUX, X. BOURRAT, R. NASLAIN and J. THEBAULT, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 525.

Y.-Q. WANG, B.-L. ZHOU and Z.-M. WANG, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 427.

S. CHU, H. WANG and G. HE, Wuji Cailiao Xuebao/J. Inorganic Mater. 8(3) (1993) 327.

P. E. GRAYSON and N. J. ARCHER, in 17th Annual Conference on Composites and Advanced Ceramic Materials (1993) Vol. 14(9/10) pt. 2, p. 832.

D. KEHR, K. BRENNFLECK and R. WEISS, High Temp.-- High Pressures 22(6) (1990) 693.

M. HARRIS, T. CHAUDHARY, L. DRZAL and R. M. LAINE, Mater. Sci. & Eng. A: Structural Mater.: Properties, Microstructure & Processing 1/2 (1995) 223.

C. KAWAI and T. IGARASHI, J. Ceramic Soc. Japan, Int. Ed. 99(5) (1991) 377.

Y. LIU, D. R. TREADWELL, M. R. KANNISTO, B. L. MUELLER and R. M. LAINE, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 80(3) (1997) 705.

J. YU, S. YENO and K. HIRAGUSHI, Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 104(1210) (1996) 481.

T. HASHISHIN, J. MURASHITA, A. JOYAMA and Y. KANEKO, ibid. 106(1229) (1998) 1.

H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Carbon 33(9) (1995) 1289.

Y.-C. ZHU, S. OHTANI, Y. SATO and N. IWAMOTO, ibid. 37(9) (1999) 1417.

H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, J. Adv. Mater. 27(3) (1996) 9.

K. KOBAYASHI, K. MAEDA, H. SANO and Y. UCHIYAMA, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 397.

W. P. HOFFMAN, H. T. PHAN and A. GROSZEK, in TMS MaterialsWeek 94 Symposium, High Temperature High Performance Materials for Rocket Engines and Space Applications, (1994) 141.

O. YAMAMOTO, T. SASAMOTO and M. INAGAKI, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 359.

L. M. MANOCHA and S. M. MANOCHA, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 435.

V. K. PARASHAR, V. RAMAN and O. P. BAHL, J. Mater. Sci. Letters 16(6) (1997) 479.

A. JOSHI and J. S. LEE, Composites--Part A: Applied Science & Manufacturing 28(2) (1997) 181.

H. YOSHIMATSU, S. FUJIWARA, R. KONISHI, M. MIYAWAKI and Y. MIURA, Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 103(1201) (1995) 929.

Y. WANG, J. ZHENG, Z. WANG, B. ZHOU and L. ZHOU, Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao/Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica 12(3) (1995) 31.

K. KAWABATA, H. YOSHIMATSU, K. FUJIWARA, H. MIHASHI, K. HIRAGUSHI, A. OSAKA, et al., Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/J. Ceramic Soc. Japan 107(1249) (1999) 832.

F. CAO, P. PENG and X. LI, Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao/Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica 16(1) (1999) 22.

C. C. LANDRY and A. R. BARRON, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 381.

W. KOWBEL, M. MUSZYNSKI and H. T. TSOU, in Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Part 1, Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 65.

K. FUJII, J. NAKANO and M. SHINDO, J. Nuclear Mater. 203(1) (1993) 10.

W. KOWBEL, J. C. WITHERS and P. O. RANSONE, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 415.

S. CHU, H. WANG and R. WU, Surface & Coatings Tech. 88(1–3) (1997) 38.

J. DENG, Y. WEI and W. LIU, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 82(6) (1999) 1629.

R. YAMADA and K. FUJII, Mater. Sci. Forum 308–311 (1999) 902.

H. T. TSOU and W. KOWBEL, Surface & Coatings Tech. 79(1–3) (1996) 139.

A. W. MOORE, M. B. DOWELL, E. R. STOVER and L. D. BENTSEN, Ceramic Eng. & Sci. Proc. 16(4) (1995) 263.

C. G. COFER and J. ECONOMY, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 389.

T.-M. WU, W.-C. WEI and S.-E. HSU, Ceramics Int. 18(3) (1992) 167.

J. W. FERGUS and W. L. WORRELL, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 537.

H. FRITZE, J. JOJIC, T. WITKE, C. RUESCHER, S. WEBER, S. SCHERRER, B. SCHULTRICH, et al., Key Eng. Mater. 132–136(3) (1997) 1629.

H. FRITZE, A. SCHNITTKER, T. WITKE, C. RUESCHER, S. WEBER, S. SCHERRER, et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 555 (1999) 79.

O. YAMAMOTO, T. SASAMOTO and M. INAGAKI, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19(12) (2000) 1053.

R. WANG, H. SANO, Y. UCHIYAMA and K. KOBAYASHI, J. Mater. Sci. 31(23) (1996) 6163.

X. ZENG, H. LI, Z. YANG and X. ZHU, Chinese J. Aeronautics 12(2) (1999) 111.

M. KONDO, Y. OGURA and T. MORIMOTO, Mater. Transactions Jim. 39(11) (1998) 1146.

N. SAKAKIBARA, A. NOTOMI, Y. OGURA, M. KONDO, C. FUJIWARA, T. SEKIGAWA, et al., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/J. Japan Inst. Metals 63(1) (1999) 118.

M. KONDO, Y. OGURA and T. MORIMOTO, ibid. 63(5) (1999) 661.

M. KONDO, Y. OGURA, T. MORIMOTO and A. NOTOMI, ibid. 63(7) (1999) 851.

M. GUO, K. SHEN and Y. ZHENG, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 449.

F. J. BUCHANAN and J. A. LITTLE, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 491.

N. E. LOBIONDO, L. E. JONES and A. G. CLARE, ibid. 33(4) (1995) 499.

S. HOSHII, A. KOJIMA and S. OTANI, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19(2) (2000) 169.

S. T. SCHWAB and R. C. GRAEF, in Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part 1: Damage and Oxidation Protection in High Temperature Composites (1991) Vol. 25-1, p. 131.

S. LABRUQUERE, R. PAILLER, R. NASLAIN and B. DESBAT, Key Eng. Mater. 132–136(3) (1997) 1938.

D. CHO, B. YOON II, H. S. HA and Y. S. LIM, Polymer J. 29 (1997) 959.

D. CHO, Carbon 39(9) (1996) 1151.

P. H. VAST, Ceramic Eng. & Sci. Proc. 16(5) (1995) 1063.

T. L. DHAMI, O. P. BAHL and B. R. AWASTHY, Carbon 33(4) (1995) 479.

J. A. SEKHAR, J. LIU, J. LI, V. DE NORA, in 127th TMS Annual Meeting, Light Metals Light Metals (1998) p. 645.

J. N. STUECKER, D. A. HIRSCHFELD and D. S. MARTIN, J. Mater. Sci. 34(22) (1999) 5443.

W. LU and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 35(3) (1997) 427.

T. KYOTANI, ibid. 38(2) (2000) 269.

S. J. ALLEN, L. WHITTEN and G. MCKAY, Developments in Chem. Eng. & Mineral Processing 6(5) (1998) 231.

R. C. BROWN, Int. J. Occupational Safety & Ergonomics 1(4) (1995) 330.

W. LU and D. D. L. CHUNG, Carbon 39(1) (2000) 39.