John Dewey, Myrtle McGraw and Logic: An unusual collaboration in the 1930s

Dewey, 1939, Experience, Knowledge and Value: A Rejoinder, 515 Dewey, 1976, Studies in Logical Theory, Vol. 2 Dewey, 1976, Studies in Logical Theory, Vol. 2, 310 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12 For example, Dewey wrote How We Think, MW: Vol. 6, pp. 177–356, to show the correspondence between thinking and inquiry. Dewey also reissued Studies in Logical Theory under the title Essays in Experimental Logic, MW: Vol. 10, pp. 317–394, including a rejoinder to criticisms of the earlier book. Ratner, 1939, Intelligence in the Modern World, 155 1964, 36 E. Nagel, ‘Introduction’, LW: Vol. 12, pp. ix–xxvii S. Hook, ‘Introduction’, in MW: Vol. 2, p. xvi Sleeper, 1986, The Necessity of Pragmatism, 4 Dewey, 1960, From Absolutism to Experimentalism, 14 Nagel, ‘Introduction’, LW: Vol. 12, pp. xviii J. Dewey, ‘From Absolutism to Experimentalism’, LW: Vol. 5, p. 12. Miller, 1969, Hegel's Science of Logic, 67 Miller, 1977, Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, 13 Dewey, ‘From Absolutism to Experimentalism’, LW: Vol. 5, p. 10. Dewey, ‘From Absolutism to Experimentalism’, LW: Vol. 5, p. 12. Dewey speculated, for example, that the competing perspectives of morphology and physiology could be reconciled in experimental studies because biological structures and functions were linked through a common ‘chemico-physical process’. See ‘The Evolutionary Method as Applied to Morality: Its Scientific Necessity’, MW: Vol. 2, p. 15. Dewey, 1939, Experience, Knowledge and Value: A Rejoinder, 10 1853 di Gregorio, 1984, T.H. Huxley's Place in Natural Science, 26 1958, 181 1958, 181 Nagel found this tendency frustrating when he recalled in an interview that, ‘he [Dewey] introduced fundamental questions without preparing his readers for them’. Nagel added: ‘One didn't quite know what the argument was until you had the wit to discover that he was discussing a position related to the one he was advancing’. Interview with Ernest Nagel, New York City, 10 October 1966, conducted by the Center for Dewey Studies, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, p. 4. MW: Vol. 12. 1976, 110 1976, 271 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 30 Miller, 1969, Hegel's Science of Logic, 334 Miller, 1969, Hegel's Science of Logic, 348 Dennis, 1989, “Johnny's a Gentleman but Jimmy's a Mug”: Press Coverage During the 1930s of Myrtle McGraw's Study of Johnny and Jimmy Woods, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 25, 356, 10.1002/1520-6696(198910)25:4<356::AID-JHBS2300250405>3.0.CO;2-1 Meyer, 1941, The Contemporary Setting of the Pioneer, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 74, 1, 10.1002/cne.900740102 Meyer, 1898, Critical Review of the Data and General Methods and Deductions of Modern Neurology, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 8, 249, 10.1002/cne.910080402 Dewsbury, 1991, Psychobiology, American Psychologist, 46, 198, 10.1037/0003-066X.46.3.198 Meyer, 1950, The Psychobiological Point of View, Vol. 3 1896, Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological Discoveries, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 7, 155 1898, The Vital Equilibrium and the Nervous System, Science, 7, 813, 10.1126/science.7.181.813 Lotze, 1885 Lotze sketched the psychological principles he believed underpinned logic. Herrick took the opportunity afforded by his translation to write an afterword on the ‘Structure of the Brain’, identifying evidence from neuroanatomy that supported Lotze's propositions about the integrative role that consciousness, mind and memory play in human thought and understanding. Herrick, 1955, Clarence Luther Herrick: Pioneer Naturalist, Teacher and Psychobiologist, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 45, 1, 10.2307/1005723 Windle, 1979 Meyer, 1941, The Contemporary Setting of the Pioneer, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 74, 15 Herrick, 1924, The Origin and Evolution of the Cerebellum, Archives of Neurology and Psychology, 2, 621, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1924.02190360009001 1910, The Evolution of Intelligence and its Origins, Science, 3, 7 1913, Some Reflections on the Origin and Significance of the Cerebral Cortex, The Journal of Animal Behavior, 222 Herrick, 1949 M. B. McGraw to C. J. Herrick, 9 December 1932, Neurology Collection, C. Judson Herrick Papers, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Pauly, 1987 Dewey, 1897, Hegel' s Logic, Section 136, Dialectic of Force Child, 1921 Herrick, 1910, The Relations of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems in Phylogeny, Anatomical Record, 36, 645 Spemann, 1962 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 108 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 199 Herrick, 1949 Coghill, 1933, The Neuro-Embryologic Study of Behavior: Principles, Perspectives, and Aims, Science, 78, 131, 10.1126/science.78.2016.131 Herrick, 1949 Coghill, 1933, The Neuro-Embryologic Study of Behavior: Principles, Perspectives, and Aims, Science, 78, 137, 10.1126/science.78.2016.131 1972 Bohr, 1937, Life and Light, Nature, 131, 421, 10.1038/131421a0 Bohr, 1937, Life and Light, Nature, 131, 457, 10.1038/131457a0 von Bertalanffy, 1933 Woodger, 1937 Lotka, 1956 Lotka, 1956, Elements of Mathematical Biology, 388 Lotka, 1956, Elements of Mathematical Biology, 388 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 2 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 199 Dewey, 1976, Principles of Mental Development as Illustrated in Early Infancy, Vol. 1, 175 Mayhew, 1936 For an intriguing discussion of Dewey's psychology of education within the broader context of educational reforms advanced by turn-of-the-century educators G. Stanley Hall and Edward L. Thorndike, see S. H. White, ‘Three Visions of a Psychology of Education’, in L. T. Landsmann (ed.), Culture, Schooling and Psychological Development (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), pp. 1–39. For an intriguing discussion of Dewey's psychology of education within the broader context of educational reforms advanced by turn-of-the-century educators G. Stanley Hall and Edward L. Thorndike, see S. H. White, ‘Three Visions of a Psychology of Education’, in L. T. Landsmann (ed.), Culture, Schooling and Psychological Development (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), pp. 184. For an intriguing discussion of Dewey's psychology of education within the broader context of educational reforms advanced by turn-of-the-century educators G. Stanley Hall and Edward L. Thorndike, see S. H. White, ‘Three Visions of a Psychology of Education’, in L. T. Landsmann (ed.), Culture, Schooling and Psychological Development (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), pp. 187–188. Dewey, 1898 Miller, 1977, Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, 314 Miller, 1977, Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, 191 Antler, 1982, Progressive Education and the Scientific Study of the Child: An Analysis of the Bureau of Educational Experiments, Teachers College Record, 83, 559, 10.1177/016146818208300405 Johnson, 1925, Mental Growth of Children, in Relation to the Growth in Bodily Development, 79 Johnson, 1925, Mental Growth of Children, in Relation to the Growth in Bodily Development, 145 Gesell, 1934 Thelen, 1992, Arnold L. Gesell: The Paradox of Nature and Nurture, Developmental Psychology, 28, 368, 10.1037/0012-1649.28.3.368 Elsberg, 1944 Pool, 1975 Tilney, 1923, Genesis of Cerebellar Functions, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 9, 137, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1923.02190200002001 Tilney, 1924, Myelinogeny as Applied to the Study of Behavior, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 12, 1, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1924.02200010004001 Tilney, 1931, Behavior in its Relation to the Developmennt of the Brain, Bulletin of the Neurological Institutte, 1, 226 See Tilney to F. P. Keppel, The Normal Child Development Project, Carnegie Corporation, 22 March 1933, and J. Merriam to F. P. Keppel, 15 March 1943, Carnegie Corporation Papers. J. Dewey, Experience and Nature, LW: Vol. 1, pp. 197–211. Tilney, 1929, Master of Destiny, 281 Tilney, 1931, Behavior in its Relation to the Development of the Brain, Bulletin of the Neurological Institute, 1, 233 McGraw, 1990, Memories, Deliberate Recall and Speculation, American Psychologist, 45, 936, 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.934 See M. Senn, Interview with Myrtle McGraw, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, 9 May 1972. Milton Senn Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, p. 41. Memorandum of an interview with M. McGraw at Babies Hospital, Columbia Medical Center, by L. K. Frank, 13 March 1933, RAC-GEB, Record Group I., Series 1.3, Box 370, Folder 3858. Frank, 1935, Structure, Function, and Growth, Philosophy of Science, 2, 210, 10.1086/286364 Frank, 1935, The Problem of Child Development, Child Development, 1, 7 Frank, 1962, The Beginnings of Child Development and Family Life Education in the Twentieth Century, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 8, 207 Cravens, 1993 Dalton, 1995, Challenging the Group Bias of American Culture, Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 10.1037/003460 1955, ix 1937, 34 Dewey, 1935, Behavior Development in Infants: A Survey of the Literature on Prenatal and Postnatal Activity, 1920–1924, 354 Letter to M. McGraw, 15 September 1935, and 16 November 1936, Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Kast, 1972, 11 Kast, 1972, 34 Letter to McGraw, 31 May 1934 and 1 September 1935, Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Letter to McGraw, Sat. ca. 1933; Wednesday ca. 1935; 20 July 1935; 16 November 1936, Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. See Senn, op. cit note 56, p. 15. McGraw, 1990, Memories, Deliberate Recall and Speculation, American Psychologist, 45, 934, 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.934 Bergenn, 1992, Myrtle McGraw: A Growth Scientist, Developmental Psychology, 28, 381, 10.1037/0012-1649.28.3.381 K. Duckett, “Interview with Myrtle McGraw”, 9 February 1967, p. 6. Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, Center for Dewey Studies, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. McGraw, 1990, Memories, Deliberate Recall and Speculation, American Psychologist, 45, 934, 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.934 See Senn, op. cit, note 56, p. 32. 1935, New York Times, 19 Dewey, 1935, Introduction, xiii Letter to See McGraw, 15 September 1935, and 16 November 1936, Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Letter to A. Bentley, 26 July 1935, Arthur Bentley Papers, Manuscripts Department, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. K. Poulos, Textual Commentary', LW: Vol. 12, pp. 533–549. Letter to C. Chisholm, 1 July 1930, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Butler Library, Columbia University, New York. Dewey, 1935, Introduction, ix See W. Rappleye to L. K. Frank, 2 December 1935, RAC-GEB., Record Group I, Series 1.3, Box 370, Folder 3858. Coghill, 1929, Anatomy and the Problem of Behavior, 38 Coghill, 1930, Individuation Verses Integration in the Development of Behavior, Journal of Genetic-Psychology, 3, 432 Coghill, 1930, Individuation Verses Integration in the Development of Behavior, Journal of Genetic-Psychology, 3, 432 Coghill, 1929, Anatomy and the Problem of Behavior, 109 Gesell, 1934 Kuo, 1939, Total Pattern or Local Reflexes?, Psychological Review, 46, 93, 10.1037/h0056782 Windle, 1934, Correlation Between the Development of Local Reflexes and the Reflex Arcs in the Spinal Cord of Cat Embryos, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 59, 487, 10.1002/cne.900590306 Oppenheim, 1978, G.E. Coghill (1872–1941): Pioneer Neuroembryologist and Developmental Psychobiologist, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 22, 55 Oppenheim, 1978, G. E. Coghill (1872–1941): Pioneer Neuroembryologist and Developmental Psychobiologist, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 22, 45 Letter to C. J. Herrick, 27 October 1933, Neurology Collection, Herrick Papers, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Deway, 1935, Introduction, 10 Letter to R. Oppenheim, 31 December 1979, Myrtle B. McGraw Papers, Leonia, NJ. Duckett, 1967, Interview with Myrtle McGraw, 16 K. Duckett, “Interview with Myrtle McGraw”, 9 February 1967, p. 16. Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, Center for Dewey Studies, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. K. Duckett, “Interview with Myrtle McGraw”, 9 February 1967, p. 6. Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, Center for Dewey Studies, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. Letter to R. Oppenheim, 31 December 1979, Myrtle B. McGraw Papers, Leonia, NJ. J. Dewey, Experience and Nature, LW: Vol. 1, pp. 201. J. Dewey, Experience and Nature, LW: Vol. 1, pp. 210. J. Dewey, Experience and Nature, LW: Vol. 1, pp. 226–241. Nagel, 1977, Can Logic be Divorced from Ontology?, 507 E. Nagel, ‘Introduction’, LW: Vol. 12, pp. ix–xxvii Dewey, 1935, Introduction, 22 McGraw, 1939, Swimming Behavior of the Human Infant, Journal of Pediatrics, 15, 485, 10.1016/S0022-3476(39)80003-8 Dewey, 1935, Introduction, 160 McGraw, 1943, The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant, 123 McGraw, 1943, The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant, 267 McGraw, 1943, The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant, 294 McGraw, 1943, The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant, 271 McGraw, 1943, The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant, 277 Dewey, 1935, Introduction, 306 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 197 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 191 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 193 Dewey, 1986, Logic: A Theory of Inquiry, Vol. 12, 194 J. Dewey, ‘The Theory of Emotion’, EW: Vol. 4, pp. 152–188. Sherrington, 1962 Dewey, 1897, Hegel's Philosophy of Spirit, 3 Russell, 1939, Dewey's New Logic, 135 Dewey, 1899, Theory of Logic, 74 Letter to M. McGraw, 15 September 1935, and 16 November 1936, Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Dewey, 1896, Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological Discoveries, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 7, 3 LW: Vol. 1, pp. 132–145. LW: vol. 1, p. 293 LW: Vol. 12, pp. 285 LW: Vol. 12, pp. 291–293. Dewey, MW: Vol. 12, p. 70. Dewey, MW: Vol. 12, p. 253. Harris, 1983, Hegel's Development, 238 Harris, 1983, Hegel's Development, 419 Frank, 1935, The Problem of Child Development, Child Development, 1, 7 Rignano, 1923, The Psychology of Reasoning, 4 Dewey, 1935 See, for example, Dewey's letters to C. Chisholm, 1 July 1930; 6 January 1932; 26 July 1936; and 25 June 1937 (see note 32). McGraw, 1941, Neuro-Motor Maturation of Anti-Gravity Functions as Reflected in the Development of a Sitting Posture, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 59, 160 Smith, 1938, The Electroencephalogram During Normal Infancy and Childhood: Rhythmic Activities Present in the Neonate and their Subsequent Development, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 53, 431 Smith, 1938, The Electroencephalogram During Normal Infancy and Childhood: The Nature of the Growth of the Alpha Waves, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 53, 455 Smith, 1939, The “Occipital” and “Pre-Central” Alpha Rhythms During the First Two Years, Journal of Psychology, 7, 223, 10.1080/00223980.1939.9917630 Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 12. Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 220. Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 35. Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 32–33. Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 40. Dewey is explicit about this when he says: Integration is more fundamental than is the distinction designated by interaction of organism and environment. The latter is indicative of a partial disintegration of a prior integration, but one which is of such a dynamic nature that it moves (as long as life continues) toward reintegration (p. 40). Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 452-153. Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, p. 211–213. Dewey also told Sidney Hook in early 1938 that he would further delay revisions on mathematics chapters, picking up work a month later (see Poulos, op. cit., note 3, p. 540) The NCDS annual progress report documenting preliminary findings by McGraw's associates, Weinbach, Smith and Weech was available in June 1938. Report of the Normal Child Development Study, July 1937–June 1938, GEB-RAC, Record Group I, Series 1.3, Box 370, Folder 3859. Dewey sent his manuscript to the publisher in early June 1938, after making extensive revisions in the mathematics chapters. In addition, Dewey made additional extensive changes in the galleys in July before sending them back to the publisher in September see Poulos, ibid., p. 543 Cravens, 1971, Psychology and Evolutionary Naturalism in American Thought, 1890–1940, American Quarterly, 23, 635, 10.2307/2712249 Stockings, 1962, Lamarckianism in American Social Science, 1890–1915, Journal of the History of Ideas, 23, 239, 10.2307/2708157 Frank, 1935, Structure, Function and Growth, Philosophy of Science, 2, 210, 10.1086/286364 Frank, 1935, Structure, Function and Growth, Philosophy of Science, 2, 213, 10.1086/286364 Frank, 1935, Structure, Function and Growth, Philosophy of Science, 2, 215, 10.1086/286364 Frank, 1935, Structure, Function and Growth, Philosophy of Science, 2, 220, 10.1086/286364 Frank, 1949, The Management of Tensions, 11 Letter to McGraw, October 1935, p. 2 (no day) Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Letter to McGraw, October 1935, p. 2 (no day) Center for Dewey Studies and Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Wetzel, 1937, On the Motion of Growth, XVII. Theoretical Foundations, Growth, 1, 6 Letter to C. Chisholm, 22 July 1935, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Butler Library, Columbia University, New York. Dewey, 1935, Introduction, 73 Dewey, 1935, Introduction, 292 McGraw, 1936, Quantitative Measures in Studying Development of Behavior Patterns (Erect Locomotion), Bulletin of the Neurological Institute of New York, 4, 553 McGraw, 1936, Quantitative Measures in Studying Development of Behavior Patterns (Erect Locomotion), Bulletin of the Neurological Institute of New York, 4, 553 The problem of recurrence was of foremost concern to Dewey at the time as indicated in his correspondence with Chisholm (see note 120). 1970, Vol. 1, 242 Dewey, 1897 Dewey, 1897 Dewey, MW: Vol. 12, p. 29. Weinbach, 1938, Contour Maps, Center of Gravity, Moment of Inertia and Surface of the Human Body, Human Biology, 10, 356 Weinbach, 1938, Contour Maps, Center of Gravity, Moment of Inertia and Surface of the Human Body, Human Biology, 10, 295 McGraw, 1941, Quantitative Studies in the Development of Erect Locomotion, Child Development, 12, 267 McGraw, 1941, Quantitative Studies in the Development of Erect Locomotion, Child Development, 12, 286 Weinbach, 1938, Some Physiological Phenomena Fitted to Growth Equations IV. Time and Power Relations for a Human Infant Climbing Inclines of Various Slopes, Growth, 4, 123 Dammann, 1941, Developmental Changes in Attitudes as one Factor Determining Energy Output in a Motor Performance, Child Development, 12, 241, 10.2307/1125723 Weinbach, 1937, Some Physiological Phenomena Fitted to Growth Equations I. Moro Reflex, Human Biology, 9, 549 Weinbach, 1938, Some Physiological Phenomena Fitted to Growth Equations II. Brain Potentials, Human Biology, 10, 145 Weinbach, 1938, Some Physiological Phenomena fitted to Growth Equations III. Rate of Growth of Brain Potentials (Alpha Frequency) Compared with Rate of Growth of the Brain, Growth, 2, 247 Weinbach, 1941, The Human Growth Curve: I. Prenatal, Growth, 5, 217 Weinbach, 1941, The Human Growth Curve: II. Birth to Puberty, Growth, 5, 233 Davenport, 1937, Interpretation of Certain Infantile Growth Curves, Growth, 1, 279 Dewey, LW: Vol. 12, pp. 397–399. Herrick, 1949, The Evolution of Human Nature, 273 Nagel, 1950, Dewey's Theory of Natural Science, 247 Bernstein, op. cit., note 4, p., 12. McGraw, 1985, Professional and Personal Blunders in Child Development Research, Psychological Record, 35, 165, 10.1007/BF03394920 McGraw, 1985, Professional and Personal Blunders in Child Development Research, Psychological Record, 35, 170, 10.1007/BF03394920 McGraw, 1942, Appraising Test Responses of Infants and Young Children, The Journal of Psychology, 14, 89, 10.1080/00223980.1942.9917113 McGraw, 1942, Appraising Test Responses of Infants and Young Children, The Journal of Psychology, 14, 99, 10.1080/00223980.1942.9917113 1995 Dennis, 1989, “Johnny's a Gentleman but Jimmy's a Mug”: Press Coverage During the 1930s of Myrtle McGraw's Study of Johnny and Jimmy Woods, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 25, 362, 10.1002/1520-6696(198910)25:4<356::AID-JHBS2300250405>3.0.CO;2-1 Dewey, 1939, Experience, Knowledge and Value: A Rejoinder, 515 Sulloway, 1979 Rorty, 1987, Science as Solidarity