Frailty mediating the causality between leucocyte telomere length and mortality: a cohort study of 440,551 UK Biobank participants

Causes of Death. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death . Accessed 2 Aug 2023. citation_journal_title=Lancet; citation_title=The world report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing; citation_author=JR Beard, A Officer, IA Carvalho, R Sadana, AM Pot, JP Michel; citation_volume=387; citation_issue=10033; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=2145-2154; citation_doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00516-4; citation_id=CR2 citation_journal_title=Lancet; citation_title=The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice; citation_author=MJ Prince, F Wu, Y Guo, LM Gutierrez Robledo, M O'Donnell, R Sullivan; citation_volume=385; citation_issue=9967; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=549-562; citation_doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61347-7; citation_id=CR3 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Predictive, Preventive and personalised medicine as the hardcore of ‘Horizon 2020’: EPMA position paper; citation_author=O Golubnitschaja, J Kinkorova, V Costigliola; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=6; citation_doi=10.1186/1878-5085-5-6; citation_id=CR4 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=All around suboptimal health - a joint position paper of the Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive Preventive and Personalised Medicine; citation_author=W Wang, Y Yan, Z Guo, H Hou, M Garcia, X Tan; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=403-433; citation_doi=10.1007/s13167-021-00253-2; citation_id=CR5 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Medicine in the early twenty-first century: paradigm and anticipation - EPMA position paper 2016; citation_author=O Golubnitschaja, B Baban, G Boniolo, W Wang, R Bubnov, M Kapalla; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=23; citation_doi=10.1186/s13167-016-0072-4; citation_id=CR6 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=General report & recommendations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine 2012: white paper of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine; citation_author=O Golubnitschaja, V Costigliola; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=14; citation_doi=10.1186/1878-5085-3-14; citation_id=CR7 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Predicting 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year all-cause mortality in a community-dwelling older adult cohort: relevance for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine; citation_author=Y Chen, X Deng, D Lin, P Yang, S Wu, X Wang; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=713-726; citation_doi=10.1007/s13167-023-00342-4; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=Epma j; citation_title=Ideal cardiovascular health metrics and life expectancy free of cardiovascular diseases: a prospective cohort study; citation_author=Q Tian, S Chen, J Zhang, C Li, S Wu, Y Wang; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=185-199; citation_doi=10.1007/s13167-023-00322-8; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=FEBS Lett; citation_title=Telomeres and telomerase: their mechanisms of action and the effects of altering their functions; citation_author=EH Blackburn; citation_volume=579; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=859-862; citation_doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.036; citation_id=CR10 citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Human telomere biology: a contributory and interactive factor in aging, disease risks, and protection; citation_author=EH Blackburn, ES Epel, J Lin; citation_volume=350; citation_issue=6265; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1193-1198; citation_doi=10.1126/science.aab3389; citation_id=CR11 d'Adda di Fagagna F, Reaper PM, Clay-Farrace L, Fiegler H, Carr P, Von Zglinicki T, et al. A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence. Nature. 2003;426(6963):194-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02118 citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Genet; citation_title=How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres; citation_author=W Palm, T Lange; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=301-334; citation_doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130350; citation_id=CR13 citation_journal_title=Trends Biochem Sci; citation_title=Oxidative stress shortens telomeres; citation_author=T Zglinicki; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=339-344; citation_doi=10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02110-2; citation_id=CR14 citation_journal_title=Front Cardiovasc Med; citation_title=Telomere length and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study; citation_author=Y Deng, Q Li, F Zhou, G Li, J Liu, J Lv; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=1012615; citation_doi=10.3389/fcvm.2022.1012615; citation_id=CR15 citation_journal_title=Circ Cardiovasc Genet; citation_title=Association between shortened leukocyte telomere length and cardio-metabolic outcomes; citation_author=SC Hunt, JD Kark, A Aviv; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=4-7; citation_doi=10.1161/circgenetics.114.000964; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Nat Cell Biol; citation_title=Jurk D, Passos JF, d'Adda di Fagagna F Telomere dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases; citation_author=F Rossiello; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=135-47; citation_doi=10.1038/s41556-022-00842-x; citation_id=CR17 citation_journal_title=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol; citation_title=Diabetes, metabolic disease, and telomere length; citation_author=F Cheng, L Carroll, MV Joglekar, AS Januszewski, KK Wong, AA Hardikar; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=117-126; citation_doi=10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30365-x; citation_id=CR18 citation_journal_title=JAMA; citation_title=Telomere length and risk of incident cancer and cancer mortality; citation_author=P Willeit, J Willeit, A Mayr, S Weger, F Oberhollenzer, A Brandstätter; citation_volume=304; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=69-75; citation_doi=10.1001/jama.2010.897; citation_id=CR19 citation_journal_title=Curr Pharm Des; citation_title=Telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer: clinical implications; citation_author=RR Reddel; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=41; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=6361-6374; citation_doi=10.2174/1381612820666140630101047; citation_id=CR20 citation_journal_title=JAMA Intern Med; citation_title=Association of telomere length with risk of disease and mortality; citation_author=CV Schneider, KM Schneider, A Teumer, KL Rudolph, D Hartmann, DJ Rader; citation_volume=182; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=291-300; citation_doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.7804; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=Lancet; citation_title=Frailty in elderly people; citation_author=A Clegg, J Young, S Iliffe, MO Rikkert, K Rockwood; citation_volume=381; citation_issue=9868; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=752-762; citation_doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62167-9; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Clin Interv Aging; citation_title=Frailty syndrome: an overview; citation_author=X Chen, G Mao, SX Leng; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=433-441; citation_doi=10.2147/cia.S45300; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=Age Ageing; citation_title=The frailty phenotype and the frailty index: different instruments for different purposes; citation_author=M Cesari, G Gambassi, GA Kan, B Vellas; citation_volume=43; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=10-12; citation_doi=10.1093/ageing/aft160; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci; citation_title=Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype; citation_author=LP Fried, CM Tangen, J Walston, AB Newman, C Hirsch, J Gottdiener; citation_volume=56; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=M146-M156; citation_doi=10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=Lancet Public Health; citation_title=Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants; citation_author=P Hanlon, BI Nicholl, BD Jani, D Lee, R McQueenie, FS Mair; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=e323-e332; citation_doi=10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30091-4; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Challenges in personalised management of chronic diseases-heart failure as prominent example to advance the care process; citation_author=HP Brunner-La Rocca, L Fleischhacker, O Golubnitschaja, F Heemskerk, T Helms, T Hoedemakers; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=2; citation_doi=10.1186/s13167-016-0051-9; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Current approaches in the clinical management of pregnancy-associated breast cancer-pros and cons; citation_author=P Zubor, P Kubatka, I Kapustova, L Miloseva, Z Dankova, A Gondova; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=257-270; citation_doi=10.1007/s13167-018-0139-5; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=EPMA J; citation_title=Prostate cancer management: long-term beliefs, epidemic developments in the early twenty-first century and 3PM dimensional solutions; citation_author=R Kucera, L Pecen, O Topolcan, AR Dahal, V Costigliola, FA Giordano; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=399-418; citation_doi=10.1007/s13167-020-00214-1; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=PLoS Med; citation_title=UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age; citation_author=C Sudlow, J Gallacher, N Allen, V Beral, P Burton, J Danesh; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=e1001779; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=Ann Intern Med; citation_title=The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies; citation_author=E Elm, DG Altman, M Egger, SJ Pocock, PC Gøtzsche, JP Vandenbroucke; citation_volume=147; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=573-577; citation_doi=10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Nat Aging; citation_title=Measurement and initial characterization of leukocyte telomere length in 474,074 participants in UK Biobank; citation_author=V Codd, M Denniff, C Swinfield, SC Warner, M Papakonstantinou, S Sheth; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=170-179; citation_doi=10.1038/s43587-021-00166-9; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci; citation_title=A frailty index for UK Biobank participants; citation_author=DM Williams, J Jylhävä, NL Pedersen, S Hägg; citation_volume=74; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=582-587; citation_doi=10.1093/gerona/gly094; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=BMC Geriatr; citation_title=A standard procedure for creating a frailty index; citation_author=SD Searle, A Mitnitski, EA Gahbauer, TM Gill, K Rockwood; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=24; citation_doi=10.1186/1471-2318-8-24; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=JMIR Public Health Surveill; citation_title=Associations between frailty and the increased risk of adverse outcomes among 38,950 UK Biobank participants with prediabetes: prospective cohort study; citation_author=X Cao, X Li, J Zhang, X Sun, G Yang, Y Zhao; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=e45502; citation_doi=10.2196/45502; citation_id=CR35 citation_journal_title=J R Coll Gen Pract; citation_title=Health and deprivation; citation_author=DJPP Black; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=310; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=234; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=Psychol Methods; citation_title=Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros; citation_author=L Valeri, TJ Vanderweele; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=137-150; citation_doi=10.1037/a0031034; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Am J Epidemiol; citation_title=Placental abruption and perinatal mortality with preterm delivery as a mediator: disentangling direct and indirect effects; citation_author=CV Ananth, TJ VanderWeele; citation_volume=174; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=99-108; citation_doi=10.1093/aje/kwr045; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=Int J Methods Psychiatr Res; citation_title=Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?; citation_author=MJ Azur, EA Stuart, C Frangakis, PJ Leaf; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=40-49; citation_doi=10.1002/mpr.329; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=J Am Med Dir Assoc; citation_title=Telomere length and frailty: the Helsinki birth cohort study; citation_author=MJ Haapanen, MM Perälä, MK Salonen, MA Guzzardi, P Iozzo, E Kajantie; citation_volume=19; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=658-662; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jamda.2018.05.011; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=Geriatr Gerontol Int; citation_title=Telomere shortening and frailty in Mexican older adults; citation_author=M Ortiz-Ramírez, S Sánchez-García, P García-Dela Torre, E Reyes-Maldonado, R Sánchez-Arenas, H Rosas-Vargas; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1286-1292; citation_doi=10.1111/ggi.13463; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle; citation_title=Association of shorter leucocyte telomere length with risk of frailty; citation_author=V Bountziouka, CP Nelson, V Codd, Q Wang, C Musicha, E Allara; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=1741-1751; citation_doi=10.1002/jcsm.12971; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Aging Cell; citation_title=Telomere length and aging-related outcomes in humans: a Mendelian randomization study in 261,000 older participants; citation_author=CL Kuo, LC Pilling, GA Kuchel, L Ferrucci, D Melzer; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=e13017; citation_doi=10.1111/acel.13017; citation_id=CR43 citation_journal_title=Can J Cardiol; citation_title=Accelerated biological aging secondary to cardiometabolic risk factors is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis; citation_author=M Emami, TA Agbaedeng, G Thomas, ME Middeldorp, A Thiyagarajah, CX Wong; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=365-375; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2021.10.012; citation_id=CR44 citation_journal_title=Ann Epidemiol; citation_title=Telomere length and mortality risk among adults in the United States: The role of age and race and ethnicity; citation_author=HP Kodali, LN Borrell; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=68-74; citation_doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.013; citation_id=CR45 citation_journal_title=Int J Cancer; citation_title=Leukocyte telomere length, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese Health Study; citation_author=H Samavat, HN Luu, KB Beckman, A Jin, R Wang, WP Koh; citation_volume=148; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=352-362; citation_doi=10.1002/ijc.33211; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=Lancet Public Health; citation_title=Frailty index and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study; citation_author=J Fan, C Yu, Y Guo, Z Bian, Z Sun, L Yang; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=e650-e660; citation_doi=10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30113-4; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=Lancet Public Health; citation_title=Social inequalities in multimorbidity, frailty, disability, and transitions to mortality: a 24-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study; citation_author=A Dugravot, A Fayosse, J Dumurgier, K Bouillon, TB Rayana, A Schnitzler; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=e42-e50; citation_doi=10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30226-9; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Age Ageing; citation_title=Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis; citation_author=G Kojima, S Iliffe, K Walters; citation_volume=47; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=193-200; citation_doi=10.1093/ageing/afx162; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Aging; citation_title=Markers of cellular senescence. Telomere shortening as a marker of cellular senescence; citation_author=A Bernadotte, VM Mikhelson, IM Spivak; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=3-11; citation_doi=10.18632/aging.100871; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=Ageing Res Rev; citation_title=Oxidative stress, genomic features and DNA repair in frail elderly: a systematic review; citation_author=M Sánchez-Flores, D Marcos-Pérez, S Costa, JP Teixeira, S Bonassi, E Pásaro; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1-15; citation_doi=10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.001; citation_id=CR51 citation_journal_title=Br J Pharmacol; citation_title=Prostaglandin-cytokine crosstalk in chronic inflammation; citation_author=C Yao, S Narumiya; citation_volume=176; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=337-354; citation_doi=10.1111/bph.14530; citation_id=CR52