Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in naturally infected dogs and cats using serological, parasitological and molecular methods

Andrade, 1999, Differential tissue distribution of diverse clones of Trypanosoma cruzi in infected mice, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 100, 163, 10.1016/S0166-6851(99)90035-X Araújo, 2002, Follow-up of experimental chronic Chagas’ disease in dogs: use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with parasitological and serological methods, Acta Trop., 81, 21, 10.1016/S0001-706X(01)00196-6 Beard, 2003, Chagas disease in a domestic transmission cycle, southern Texas, USA, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 103, 10.3201/eid0901.020217 Bisio, 2011, Urbanization of congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: prospective polymerase chain reaction study in pregnancy, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 105, 543, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.07.003 Bosseno, 2000, Selection of Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes (clonet 20 and 39) isolated from Bolivian triatomines following subculture in liquid medium, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95, 601, 10.1590/S0074-02762000000500002 Botero, 2010, Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli of Colombia using minicircle hybridization tests, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 68, 265, 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.020 Britto, 1993, A simple protocol for the physical cleavage of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA present in blood samples and its use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis of chronic Chagas Disease, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 88, 171, 10.1590/S0074-02761993000100030 Burgos, 2005, Molecular diagnosis and typing of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and lineages in cerebral Chagas disease in a patient with AIDS, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73, 1016, 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.1016 Burgos, 2007, Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease, Int. J. Parasitol., 37, 1319, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.015 Caballero, 2007, Evaluation of serological tests to identify Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and determine cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 14, 1045, 10.1128/CVI.00127-07 Cardinal, 2006, A prospective study of the effects of sustained vector surveillance following community-wide insecticide application on Trypanosoma cruzi of dogs and cats in rural northwestern Argentina, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75, 753, 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.753 Cardinal, 2006, Use of an immunochromatographic dipstick test for rapid detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in sera from animal reservoir hosts, J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 3005, 10.1128/JCM.00552-06 Cardinal, 2007, Impact of community-based vector control on house infestation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans, dogs and cats in the Argentine Chaco, Acta Trop., 103, 201, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.06.007 Cardinal, 2008, Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina, Int. J. Parasitol., 38, 1533, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.04.010 Cerisola, 1974 Cleaveland, 1995, Maintenance of a microparasite infecting several host species: rabies in the Serengeti, Parasitology, 111, S33, 10.1017/S0031182000075806 Cooley, 2008, High throughput selection of effective serodiagnostics for Trypanosoma cruzi infection, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2, e316, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000316 Cura, 2012, Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Units in Chagas disease patients from endemic and non-endemic regions of Argentina, Parasitology, 139, 516, 10.1017/S0031182011002186 D‘Alessandro, 1977, Search for Trypanosoma rangeli in endemic areas of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina and Brazil, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 26, 623, 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.623 Diosque, 2003, Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas’ disease in Argentina, Int. J. Parasitol., 33, 997, 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00139-5 Duffy, 2009, Accurate real-time PCR strategy for monitoring bloodstream parasitic loads in Chagas disease patients, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3, e419, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000419 Enriquez, 2012, Discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi identified in rural dogs and cats in the humid Argentinean Chaco, Parasitology, 12, 1 Gomes, 1999, Chagas’ disease diagnosis: comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 205, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.205 Gomes, 2009, Diagnosis of Chagas disease: what has been achieved? What remains to be done with regard to diagnosis and follow up studies?, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 115, 10.1590/S0074-02762009000900017 Guedes, 2009, Development of chronic cardiomyopathy in canine Chagas disease correlates with high IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and low IL-10 production during the acute infection phase, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 130, 43, 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.004 Gurevitz, 2011, Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, e1349, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001349 Gürtler, 1991, Chagas disease in northwest Argentina: infected dogs as a risk factor for the domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85, 741, 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90440-A Gürtler, 1996, Probability of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of the vector Triatoma infestans fed on infected humans and dogs in northwest Argentina, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 55, 24, 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.1.TM0550010024 Gürtler, 2005, Incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among children following domestic reinfestation after insecticide spraying in rural northwestern Argentina, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73, 95, 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.95 Gürtler, 2007, Domestic dogs and cats as sources of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina, Parasitology, 134, 69, 10.1017/S0031182006001259 Jimenez-Coello, 2008, American trypanosomiasis in dogs from an urban and rural area of Yucatan, Mexico, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 8, 755, 10.1089/vbz.2007.0224 Junqueira, 1996, Comparison of the polymerase chain reaction with two classical parasitological methods for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in an endemic region of north-eastern Brazil, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 90, 129, 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90111-X Kirchhoff, 1996, Comparison of PCR and microscopic methods for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi, J. Clin. Microbiol., 34, 1171, 10.1128/JCM.34.5.1171-1175.1996 Kjos, 2008, Distribution and characterization of canine Chagas disease in Texas, Vet. Parasitol., 152, 249, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.021 Lauricella, 1993, Standardization of serological tests for detecting anti Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in dogs, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 88, 413, 10.1590/S0074-02761993000300010 Lauricella, 1998, Inmunodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease) infection in naturally infected dogs, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 93, 501, 10.1590/S0074-02761998000400016 Longhi, 2012, Evaluation of in-house ELISA using Trypanosoma cruzi lysate and recombinant antigens for diagnosis of Chagas disease and discrimination of its clinical forms, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 87, 267, 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0533 Lucheis, 2005, Trypanosomatids in dogs belonging to individuals with chronic Chagas’ Disease living in Botucatu town and surrounding region, São Paulo State, Brazil, J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis., 11, 492, 10.1590/S1678-91992005000400009 Luquetti, 2009, Performance levels of four Latin American laboratories for the serodiagnosis of Chagas disease in Mexican sera samples, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 797, 10.1590/S0074-02762009000500023 Luquetti, 2000, Diagnóstico Laboratorial da Infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, 344 Mettler, 2005, Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs, J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 5515, 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5515-5519.2005 Nieto, 2009, Comparison of two immunochromatographic assays and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs in south central Louisiana, Vet. Parasitol., 165, 241, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.010 Pavia, 2007, Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli infection in triatomine vectors by amplification of the histone H2A/SIRE and the sno-RNA-C11 genes, Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 49, 23, 10.1590/S0036-46652007000100005 Ramírez, 2009, Evaluation of adult chronic Chagas’ heart disease diagnosis by molecular and serological methods, J. Clin. Microbiol., 47, 3945, 10.1128/JCM.01601-09 Ramírez, 2013, Understanding the role of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in Colombia, Vet. Parasitol., 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.054 Rozas, 2007, Coexistence of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in wild and periodomestic mammals in Chile, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 77, 647, 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.647 Rosypal, 2011, J. Parasitol., 97, 140, 10.1645/GE-2559.1 Salomón, 2008, Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in Argentina, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 103, 578, 10.1590/S0074-02762008000600011 Sartor, 2011, trans-Sialidase neutralizing antibody detection in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected domestic reservoirs, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 18, 984, 10.1128/CVI.00535-10 Schijman, 2003, Aetiological treatment of Congenital Chagas disease diagnosed and monitored by the polymerase chain reaction, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 52, 441, 10.1093/jac/dkg338 Schijman, 2011, International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from Chagas disease patients, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, e931, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000931 Umezawa, 2003, An improved serodiagnostic test for Chagas’ disease employing a mixture of Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigens, Transfusion, 43, 91, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00279.x Umezawa, 2009, TESA-blot for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in dogs from co-endemic regions for Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma evansi and Leishmania chagasi, Acta Trop., 111, 15, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.01.006 Troncarelli, 2009, Leishmania spp. and/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and nonendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis, Vet. Parasitol., 164, 118, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.027 Vago, 1996, Kinetoplast DNA signatures of Trypanosoma cruzi strains obtained directly from infected tissues, Am. J. Pathol., 149, 2153 Vago, 2000, Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease: differential distribution of genetic types into diverse organs, Am. J. Pathol., 156, 1805, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65052-3 Vexenat, 1996, Cross-reactivity of antibodies of human infections by the kinetoplastid protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 38, 177, 10.1590/S0036-46651996000300003 Virreira, 2003, Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for reliable and easy detection of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 68, 574, 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.574 2002 Zingales, 2009, A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 1051, 10.1590/S0074-02762009000700021 Zulantay, 2007, The PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the faeces of Triatoma infestans fed on patients with chronic American trypanosomiasis gives higher sensitivity and a quicker result than routine xenodiagnosis, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 101, 673, 10.1179/136485907X241415 Zulantay, 2011, Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in untreated chronic chagasic patients is improved by using three parasitological methods simultaneously, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 66, 2224, 10.1093/jac/dkr313