Development of a driving cycle to evaluate the energy economy of electric vehicles in urban areas

Hill G, Blythe PT, Higgins C. Deviations in Markov chain modeled electric vehicle charging patterns from real world data. In: Procs of 15th international IEEE conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), 2012, Anchorage; 16–19 September 2012. p. 1072–77 Donateo, 2015, Evaluation of emissions of CO2 and air pollutants from electric vehicles, Appl Energy, 157, 675, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.089 Onat, 2015, Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the US, Appl Energy, 150, 36, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.001 Mallouh, 2014, Model development and analysis of a mid-sized hybrid fuel cell/battery vehicle with a representative driving cycle, J Power Sources, 260, 62, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.104 Saxena, 2015, Charging ahead on the transition to EVs with standard 120V wall outlets, Appl Energy, 157, 720, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.005 Weldon, 2016, An investigation into usage patterns of electric vehicles in Ireland, Transport Res Part D: Transp Environ, 43, 207, 10.1016/j.trd.2015.12.013 Wikstron M, Hansson L, Alvfors P. An end has a start – investigating the usage of electric vehicles in commercial fleets. In: Procs of the 7th international conference on applied energy, ICAE2015. Energy Procedia, vol. 75; 2015, p. 1932–37. Morrissey, 2016, Future standard and fast charging infrastructure planning: an analysis of electric vehicle charging behaviour, Energy Policy, 89, 257, 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.001 Weldon, 2016, Environmental impacts of varying electric vehicle user behaviours and comparisons to internal combustion engine vehicle usage – an Irish case study, J Power Sources, 319, 27, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.051 Meng, 2016, Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles considering travelling behavior in the Great Britain power system, Appl Energy, 162, 966, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.159 Schill, 2015, Power system impacts of electric vehicles in Germany; charging with coal and renewables, Appl Energy, 156, 185, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.07.012 Saxena, 2014, Electrical consumption of two-, three- and four-wheel light-duty electric vehicles in India, Appl Energy, 115, 582, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.043 Seedam, 2015, IATSS Res, 39, 79, 10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.05.003 Rangaraju, 2015, Impacts of electricity mix, charging profile and driving behaviour on the emissions performance of battery electric vehicles – a Belgian case study, Appl Energy, 148, 496, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.121 Wang, 2015, Energy consumption of electric vehicles based on real-world driving patterns: a case study of Beijing, Appl Energy, 157, 710, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.057 Lee, 2011, Synthesis of real-world driving cycles using stochastic process and statistical methodology, Int J Veh Des, 57, 17, 10.1504/IJVD.2011.043590 Kruse R, Huls T. Development for the federal urban driving cycle. SAE Technical Paper. 730553; 1973. Dieselnet. Emission test cycles ECE 15 + EUDC/NEDC. Last updated 07/2014. Available: <http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.php>; 2013 [accessed 27.01.16]. Hung, 2007, Development of a practical driving cycle construction methodology: a case study in Hong Kong, Transport Res Part D: Transp Environ, 12, 115, 10.1016/j.trd.2007.01.002 Esteves-Booth, 2001, The measurement of vehicular driving cycle within the city of Edinburgh, Transport Res Part D: Transp Environ, 6, 209, 10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00024-9 Tzirakis, 2006, Vehicle emissions and driving cycles: comparison of the Athens driving cycle (ADC) with ECE-15 and European driving cycle (EDC), Global NEST, 8, 282 Amirjamshidi, 2015, Development of simulated driving cycles for light, medium and heavy duty trucks: case of the Toronto Waterfront area, Transp Res Part D, 34, 255, 10.1016/j.trd.2014.11.010 Ho, 2014, Developing Singapore Driving Cycle for passenger cars to estimate fuel consumption and vehicular emissions, Atmos Environ, 97, 353, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.042 Ericsson, 2000, Variability in urban driving patterns, Transport Res Part D: Transp Environ, 5, 337, 10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00003-1 Seers, 2015, Development of two driving cycles for utility vehicles, Transp Res Part D, 41, 377, 10.1016/j.trd.2015.10.013 Helmers, 2012, Electric cars: technical characteristics and environmental impacts, Environ Sci Eur, 24, 1, 10.1186/2190-4715-24-14 Fellah M, Singh G, Rousseau A, Pagerit S, Nam E, Hoffman G. Impact of real-world drive cycles on PHEV battery requirements. SAE technical paper 2009-01-1383; 2009. Tate ED, Harpster M, Savagian P. The electrification of the automobile: from conventional hybrid, to plug-in hybrids, to extended-range electric vehicles. In: 2008 World Congress. Detroit, Michigan: SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0458; 2008. EPA. Emission test cycles EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test Cycle (HWFET). Last updated 2/6/2016. Available: <http://www3.epa.gov/nvfel/testing/dynamometer.htm#vehshift>; 2013 [accessed 27.01.16]. Patil R, Adornato B, Filipi ZS. Impact of naturalistic driving patterns on PHEV performance and system design. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2715; 2009. Kang, 2016, Dynamic simulation of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle during the federal test procedure-75 driving cycle, Appl Energy, 161, 181, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.093 Gonder, 2007, Using global positioning system travel data to assess real-world energy use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, Transport Res Rec: J Transport Res Board, 2017, 26, 10.3141/2017-04 Shahidinejad, 2010, Statistical development of a duty cycle for plug-in vehicles in a North American Urban setting using fleet information, IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 59, 3710, 10.1109/TVT.2010.2061243 Karabasoglu, 2013, Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains, Energy Policy, 60, 445, 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.047 Rask E, Rousseau A. Evaluating real world drive cycles to support APRF technology evaluations. In: 2012 DOE hydrogen program and vehicle technologies. Argonne National Laboratory. US Dept of Energy. <energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9/vss091_rask_2012_p.pdf>; 2012 [accessed 27.01.16]. Ashtari, 2012, Using large driving record samples and a stochastic approach for real-world driving cycle construction: winnipeg driving cycle, Transport Sci, 48, 170, 10.1287/trsc.1120.0447 Kwon J, Kim J, Fallas E, Pagerit S, Rousseau A. Impact of drive cycles and powertrain configurations on PHEV battery component requirements. SAE World Congress and Exhibition. Detroit. Technical Paper. 2008-01-1337; 2008. Dubarry, 2007, A roadmap to understand battery performance in electric and hybrid vehicle operation, J Power Sources, 174, 366, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.237 Ericsson, 2001, Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors, Transport Res Part D: Transp Environ, 6, 325, 10.1016/S1361-9209(01)00003-7 Watson H. Effects of a wide range of drive cycles on the emissions from vehicles of three levels of technology. SAE Technical Paper 950221; 1995. Rakha, 2001, Field evaluation of energy and emission impacts of traffic flow improvement projects using GPS data: issues and proposed solutions, Transport Res Rec: J Transport Res Board, 1768, 210, 10.3141/1768-25 Hellinga Riches E. Track tested: 2010 Mitsubishi i MiEV vs. Mitsubishi i [Online]. edmunds.com. Available: <http://www.edmunds.com/car-reviews/track-tests/track-tested-2010-mitsubishi-i-miev-vs-mitsubishi-i.html>; 2010 [accessed 27.01.16]. Autonomie. Autonomie. Available: <http://www.autonomie.net/>; 2013 [accessed 27.01.16]. Kim N, Rousseau A, Rask E. Autonomie model validation with test data for 2010 Toyota Prius. SAE 2012-01-1040, SAE World Congress, Detroit, MI; 2012 April. Kim N, Carlson R, Jehlik F, Rousseau A. Tahoe HEV Model Development in Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). SAE paper 2009-01-1307, SAE World Congress, Detroit, MI; 2009 April. Cao, 2007, PHEV hymotion prius model validation and control improvements Rousseau A, Sharer P, Pagerit S, Duoba M. Integrating data, performing quality assurance, and validating the vehicle model for the 2004 Prius Using PSAT. SAE paper 2006-01-0667, SAE World Congress, Detroit, MI; 2006 April. Nissan, Ireland. <http://www.nissan.ie/>; 2016 [accessed 11.05.16]. Leiva, 2015 Donateo, 2014, A method to estimate the environmental impact of an electric city car during six months of testing in an Italian city, J Power Sources, 270, 487, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.124 Donateo T, Ingrosso F, Bruno D, Laforgia D. Effect of driving conditions and auxiliaries on mileage and CO2 emissions of a gasoline and an electric city car. SAE Technical Paper; 2014. Jayakumar A, Ingrosso F, Rizzoni G, Meyer J, Doering J. Crowd sourced energy estimation in connected vehicles IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, IEVC 2014, art. no. 7056189; 2014. Abdollahi AD. An intelligent control strategy in a parallel hybrid vehicle. In: IEEE conference on electric and hybrid vehicles, 2006. ICEHV ’06, Pune; 18–20 December 2006. p. 1–2. Shankar, 2012, A methodology to determine drivetrain efficiency based on external environment, 1 Barth, 1996, Using GPS technology to relate macroscopic and microscopic traffic parameters, Transport Res Rec: J Transport Res Board, 1520, 89, 10.1177/0361198196152000111 Montazeri-Gh, 2011, Traffic condition recognition using the -means clustering method, Sci Iranica, 18, 930, 10.1016/j.scient.2011.07.004 Donateo, 2012, A method for the prediction of future driving conditions and for the energy management optimisation of a hybrid electric vehicle (2012), Int J Veh Des, 58, 111, 10.1504/IJVD.2012.047385 Jensen, 2002 Alessandrini, 2003, A driving cycle for electrically-driven vehicles in Rome, Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Autom Eng, 217, 781, 10.1177/095440700321700903 Gong, 2011, An iterative Markov chain approach for generating vehicle driving cycles, SAE Int J Eng, 4, 1035, 10.4271/2011-01-0880 Önnegren P. Driving cycle generation using statistical analysis and Markov chains. Linköpings universitet. Masters Thesis. <http://www.vehicular.isy.liu.se/en/Publications/MSc/13_EX_4670_ET_PO.html>; 2013 [accessed 27.01.16]. Carlson, 1997 Tae-Kyung, 2010, Synthesis and validation of representative real-world driving cycles for Plug-In Hybrid vehicles Zaccardi, 2012, Analysis and choice of representative drive cycles for light duty vehicles – case study for electric vehicles, Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Autom Eng, 227, 605, 10.1177/0954407012454964 Barlow T, Latham S, McCrae I, Boulter P. A reference book of driving cycles for use in the measurement of road vehcile emissions. Project Report PPR354, TRL. <www.trl.co.uk>; 2009. Bata R, Yacoub Y, Wang Wg, Lyons D, Gambino M, Rideout G. Heavy duty testing cycles: survey and comparison. International truck and bus meeting and exposition. Seattle. SAE Technical Paper 942263; 1994. Lin, 2002, An exploratory analysis comparing a stochastic driving cycle to California’s regulatory cycle, Atmos Environ, 36, 5759, 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00695-7 Knez, 2014, The estimation of a driving cycle for Celje and a comparison to other European cities, Sustain Cities Soc, 11, 56, 10.1016/j.scs.2013.11.010 Achour, 2016, Driving cycle developments and their impacts on energy consumption of transportation, J Clean Prod, 112, 1778, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.007 Marques, 2014, Eco-rating methodologies for private cars: driving cycle influence, Procedia – Soc Behav Sci, 111, 682, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.102