Periodontal infections and atherosclerotic vascular disease: an update

2006 2004 Hackam, 2003, Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence, JAMA., 290, 932, 10.1001/jama.290.7.932 Elkind, 2006, Do common infections cause stroke, Semin Neurol., 26, 88, 10.1055/s-2006-933312 Hansson, 2005, Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med., 352, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMra043430 Zebrack, 2002, The role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis and evolution of coronary artery disease, Curr Cardiol Rep., 4, 278, 10.1007/s11886-002-0063-z DeStefano, 1993, Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality, BMJ, 306, 688, 10.1136/bmj.306.6879.688 Hujoel, 2000, Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease risk, JAMA., 284, 1406, 10.1001/jama.284.11.1406 Wu, 2000, Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease: the first national health and nutrition examination survey and its follow-up study, Arch Intern Med., 160, 2749, 10.1001/archinte.160.18.2749 Mattila, 1989, Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction, BMJ, 298, 779, 10.1136/bmj.298.6676.779 Hujoel, 2002, Pre-existing cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: a follow-up study, J Dent Res., 81, 186, 10.1177/0810186 Spiekerman, 2003, Bias induced by self-reported smoking on periodontitis-systemic disease associations, J Dent Res, 82, 345, 10.1177/154405910308200504 Baltch, 1982, Bacteremia following dental cleaning in patients with and without penicillin prophylaxis, Am Heart J, 104, 1335, 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90164-8 Daly, 1997, Bacteraemia caused by periodontal probing, Aust Dent J, 42, 77, 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00100.x Kinane, 2005, Bacteraemia following periodontal procedures, J Clin Periodontol, 32, 708, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00741.x Haraszthy, 2000, Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques, J Periodontol, 71, 1554, 10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1554 Stelzel, 2002, Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis DNA in aortic tissue by PCR, J Periodontol, 73, 868, 10.1902/jop.2002.73.8.868 Fiehn, 2005, Identification of periodontal pathogens in atherosclerotic vessels, J Periodontol, 76, 731, 10.1902/jop.2005.76.5.731 Cairo, 2004, Periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. A controlled clinical and laboratory trial, J Periodontal Res, 39, 442, 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00761.x Loos, 2005, Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis, J Periodontol, 76, 2106, 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-S.2106 Epstein, 2000, Infection and atherosclerosis: potential roles of pathogen burden and molecular mimicry, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 20, 1417, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.6.1417 Lamb, 2003, Molecular mimicry in atherosclerosis: a role for heat shock proteins in immunisation, Atherosclerosis, 167, 177, 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00301-5 Oldstone, 1987, Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease, Cell, 50, 819, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90507-1 Gruber, 1996, Increased antibody titers against mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 in patients with vasculitis and arteriosclerosis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 110, 95, 10.1159/000237318 Ludewig, 2004, Immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis, J Leukoc Biol, 76, 300, 10.1189/jlb.1203605 Hasan, 2005, The immune responses to human and microbial heat shock proteins in periodontal disease with and without coronary heart disease, Clin Exp Immunol, 142, 585, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02953.x Honda, 2005, Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens and proinflammatory cytokines on human coronary artery endothelial cells, Oral Microbiol Immunol, 20, 82, 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2004.00193.x Zhu, 2001, Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death, Circulation, 103, 45, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.1.45 Zhu, 2000, Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels, Am J Cardiol, 85, 140, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00653-0 Espinola-Klein, 2002, Impact of infectious burden on extent and long-term prognosis of atherosclerosis, Circulation, 105, 15, 10.1161/hc0102.101362 Espinola-Klein, 2002, Impact of infectious burden on progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Stroke, 33, 2581, 10.1161/01.STR.0000034789.82859.A4 Spahr, 2006, Periodontal infections and coronary heart disease: role of periodontal bacteria and importance of total pathogen burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) study, Arch Intern Med, 166, 554, 10.1001/archinte.166.5.554 Beck, 2005, Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease: a reappraisal of the exposure, Circulation, 112, 19, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.511998 Beck, 2005, Associations between IgG antibody to oral organisms and carotid intima-medial thickness in community-dwelling adults, Atherosclerosis, 183, 342, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.017 Slade, 2003, Relationship between periodontal disease and C-reactive protein among adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Arch Intern Med, 163, 1172, 10.1001/archinte.163.10.1172 Pussinen, 2004, High serum antibody levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis predict myocardial infarction, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 11, 408, 10.1097/01.hjr.0000129745.38217.39 Pussinen, 2005, Serum antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans predict the risk for coronary heart disease, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, 833, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000157982.69663.59 Pussinen, 2004, Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and stroke risk, Stroke, 35, 2020, 10.1161/01.STR.0000136148.29490.fe Desvarieux, 2004, Gender differences in the relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and atherosclerosis, Stroke, 35, 2029, 10.1161/01.STR.0000136767.71518.36 Schwahn, 2004, Periodontal disease, but not edentulism, is independently associated with increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Results from a population-based study, Thromb Haemost, 92, 244, 10.1160/TH04-02-0092 Volzke, 2005, Tooth loss is independently associated with the risk of acquired aortic valve sclerosis, Am Heart J, 150, 1198, 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.01.004 Desvarieux, 2003, Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Stroke, 34, 2120, 10.1161/01.STR.0000085086.50957.22 Desvarieux, 2005, Periodontal microbiota and carotid intima-media thickness: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Circulation, 111, 576, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154582.37101.15 Engebretson, 2005, Radiographic measures of chronic periodontitis and carotid artery plaque, Stroke, 36, 561, 10.1161/01.STR.0000155734.34652.6c O’Leary, 1999, Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group, N Engl J Med, 340, 14, 10.1056/NEJM199901073400103 Socransky, 1994, “Checkerboard” DNA-DNA hybridization, Biotechniques, 17, 788 Socransky, 1998, Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque, J Clin Periodontol, 25, 134, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x Beck, 1994, Methods of assessing risk for periodontitis and developing multifactorial models, J Periodontol, 65, 468, 10.1902/jop.1994.65.5s.468 Pearson, 2003, Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association, Circulation, 107, 499, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45 D’Aiuto, 2004, Periodontal disease and C-reactive protein-associated cardiovascular risk, J Periodontal Res, 39, 236, 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00731.x D’Aiuto, 2005, Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol, J Dent Res, 84, 269, 10.1177/154405910508400312 D’Aiuto, 2005, Contribution of periodontal therapy on individual cardiovascular risk assessment, Arch Intern Med, 165, 1920, 10.1001/archinte.165.16.1920 D’Aiuto, 2006, Periodontal infections cause changes in traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors: results from a randomized controlled clinical trial, Am Heart J, 151, 977, 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.018 Taylor, 2006, Full-mouth tooth extraction lowers systemic inflammatory and thrombotic markers of cardiovascular risk, J Dent Res, 85, 74, 10.1177/154405910608500113 Verma, 2003, Endothelial function testing as a biomarker of vascular disease, Circulation, 108, 2054, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089191.72957.ED Celermajer, 1992, Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis, Lancet, 340, 1111, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-F Amar, 2003, Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 1245, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000078603.90302.4A Mercanoglu, 2004, Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic periodontitis and its improvement after initial periodontal therapy, J Periodontol, 75, 1694, 10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1694 Elter, 2006, The effects of periodontal therapy on vascular endothelial function: a pilot trial, Am Heart J, 151, 47, 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.002 Seinost, 2005, Periodontal treatment improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with severe periodontitis, Am Heart J, 149, 1050, 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.09.059