Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses

Bell, 1982, Effects of phthalate esters on lipid metabolism in various tissues, cells and organelles in mammals, Environ. Health Perspect., 45, 41, 10.1289/ehp.824541

Cadogan, 1993, An assessment of the release, occurrence and possible effect of plasticizers in the environment, Prog. Rubber Plast. Technol., 10, 1

Cai, 2008, The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China: a review, Sci. Total Environ., 389, 209, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.026

Casas, 2011, Urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenols in a population of Spanish pregnant women and children, Environ. Int., 37, 858, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.012

Chai, 2014, Phthalic acid esters in soils from vegetable greenhouses in Shandong Peninsula, East China, PLoS One, 9, e95701, 10.1371/journal.pone.0095701

Chen, 2008, The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate—an evidence of intensive use of plastic materials, Environ. Int., 34, 79, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.004

Chen, 2012, Exposure assessment of phthalates in non-occupational populations in China, Sci. Total Environ., 427–428, 60, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.090

Cho, 2010, Relationship between environmental phthalate exposure and the intelligence of school-age children, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 1027, 10.1289/ehp.0901376

CPPIU (China Plastics Process Industry Union), 2011

Department of Rural Survey National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2012

Dorney, 1985, Plant uptake and soil retention of phthalic acid applied to norfolk sandy loam, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33, 398, 10.1021/jf00063a019

Du, 2010, Diffusion and accumulation in cultivated vegetable plants of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from a plastic production factory, Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo Risk, 27, 1186, 10.1080/19440041003793306

Franco, 2007, Comparison and analysis of different approaches for estimating the human exposure to phthalate esters, Environ. Int., 33, 283, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.10.001

Fu, 2011, Uptake of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate of vegetables from plastic film greenhouses, J. Agric. Food Chem., 59, 11585, 10.1021/jf203502e

Gibson, 2005, Analysis of 4-nonylphenols, phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and biosolids, Chemosphere, 61, 1336, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.072

Hauser, 2005, Phthalates and human health, Occup. Environ. Med., 62, 806, 10.1136/oem.2004.017590

Heudorf, 2007, Phthalates: toxicology and exposure, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 210, 623, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.011

Ji, 2014, A comprehensive assessment of human exposure to phthalates from environmental media and food in Tianjin, China, J. Hazard. Mater., 279, 133, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.055

Jurewicz, 2011, Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies, Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ., 24, 115

Kong, 2012, Diversities of phthalate esters in suburban agricultural soils and wasteland soil appeared with urbanization in China, Environ. Pollut., 170, 161, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.017

Laturnus, 2007, Organic waste products in agriculture-monitoring the waste constituents phthalate esters in soil–crop system by gas chromatography and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry, J. Environ. Eng. Landsc., XV, 253, 10.3846/16486897.2007.9636938

Liu, 2012, Phthalates exposure of Chinese reproductive age couples and its effect on male semen quality, a primary study, Environ. Int., 42, 78, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.005

Liu, 2014, Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in source waters: a nationwide survey in China during the period of 2009–2012, Environ. Pollut., 184, 262, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.035

Lovekamp-Swan, 2003, Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 139, 10.1289/ehp.5658

Ma, 2013, Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site, Environ. Geochem. Health, 35, 465, 10.1007/s10653-012-9508-5

Mo, 2008, Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in the fertilizers, China, J. Hazard. Mater., 152, 1208, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.105

Mo, 2009, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in vegetables from nine farms of the Pearl River Delta, South China, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 56, 181, 10.1007/s00244-008-9177-7

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

Niu, 2014, Status of phthalate esters contamination in agricultural soils across China and associated health risks, Environ. Pollut., 195, 16, 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.014

Sakhi, 2014, Concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A in Norwegian foods and beverages and estimated dietary exposure in adults, Environ. Int., 73, 259, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.005

Schmitzer, 1988, Fate of bis(2-ethylhexyl) [14C] phthalate in laboratory and outdoor soil–plant systems, J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 210, 10.1021/jf00079a053

Staples, 1997, The environmental fate of phthalate esters: a literature review, Chemosphere, 35, 667, 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00195-1

Toft, 2012, Association between pregnancy loss and urinary phthalate levels around the time of conception, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 458, 10.1289/ehp.1103552

van Wezel, 2000, Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 46, 305, 10.1006/eesa.2000.1930

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2013

Vikelsøe, 2002, Phthalates and nonylphenols in profiles of differently dressed soils, Sci. Total Environ., 296, 105, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00063-3

Wang, 2012, Distributions of phthalic esters carried by total suspended particulates in Nanjing, China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 6789, 10.1007/s10661-011-2458-z

Wang, 2013, Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film, Environ. Pollut., 180, 265, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.036

Wang, 2014, Occurrence of phthalate esters in river sediments in areas with different land use patterns, Sci. Total Environ., 500–501, 113, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.092

Weuve, 2010, Association of exposure to phthalates with endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata: findings from NHANES, 1999–2004, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 825, 10.1289/ehp.0901543

Wu, 2013, Uptake of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by the plant Benincasa hispida and its use for lowering DEHP content of intercropped vegetables, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 5220, 10.1021/jf401378u

Xie, 2010, Degradation of phthalate esters (PAEs) in soil and the effects of PAEs on soil microcosm activity, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 85, 1108, 10.1002/jctb.2406

Xu, 2008, Occurrence and degradation characteristics of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in typical agricultural soils of China, Sci. Total Environ., 393, 333, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.001

Yin, 2003, Effect of DBP/DEHP in vegetable planted soil on the quality of capsicum fruit, Chemosphere, 50, 801, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00222-9

Zeng, 2008, Phthalate esters (PAEs): emerging organic contaminants in agricultural soils in peri-urban areas around Guangzhou, China, Environ. Pollut., 156, 425, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.045