Root growth dynamics and biomass input by Nordic annual field crops

Alakukku, L., 2000. Effects of crop rotation with perennial crops on macroporosity of a clay soil. In: Elmholt, S., Stenberg, B., Grønlund, A., Nuutinen, V. (Eds.), Soil Stress, Quality and Care. Danish Inst. Agr. Sci. Rep. 38, pp. 15–26. Aura, E., 1985. Nitrogen and water requirements for carrot, beetroot, onion and cabbage. Tiedote 7/85. Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Jokioinen. Bolinder, 1997, Estimating shoot to root ratios and annual carbon inputs in soils for cereal crops, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 63, 61, 10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01121-8 Bouyoucos, 1954, New type electrode for plaster of Paris moisture blocks, Soil Sci., 78, 39, 10.1097/00010694-195411000-00003 Campbell, 2001, Root-to-straw ratios—influence of moisture and rate of N fertilizer, Can. J. Soil Sci., 81, 39, 10.4141/S00-027 Cresswell, 1995, Subsoil amelioration by plant roots: the process and the evidence, Aust. J. Soil Res., 33, 221, 10.1071/SR9950221 Cheng, 1991, Measuring root turnover using minirhizotrin technique, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 34, 261, 10.1016/0167-8809(91)90113-C Ehlers, 1989, Transpiration efficiency of oat, Agron. J., 81, 810, 10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100050023x Fitter, 1991, The ecological significance of root system architecture, an economic approach, 229 Goss, 1991, Consequences of the activity of roots on soil, 171 Hansson, 1987, Root dynamics in barley, lucerne and meadow fescue investigated with a mini-rhizotron technique, Plant Soil, 103, 33, 10.1007/BF02370664 Hansson, 1987, Shoot and root production and nitrogen uptake in barley, with and without nitrogen-fertilization, J. Agron. Crop Sci., 158, 163, 10.1111/j.1439-037X.1987.tb00258.x Hansson, 1992, Root growth of daily irrigated and fertilized barley investigation with ingrowth cores, soil cores and minirhizotrons, Swedish J. Agric. Res., 22, 141 Heinonen, 1960, A soil core sampler with provision for cutting successive layers, J. Sci. Agric. Soc. Finland, 32, 176 Heinonen, M., Alakukku, L., Aura, E., 2002. Effects of Reduced tillage and light tractor traffic on the growth and yield of oats (Avena sativa). In: Pagliai, M., Jones, R. (Eds.), Sustainable Land Management—Environmental Protection. A Soil Physical Approach. Adv. Geoecol. 35, 367–378. Kaspar, 1992, Soil temperature and root growth, Soil Sci., 154, 290, 10.1097/00010694-199210000-00005 Kirkham, 1998, Comparisons of minirhizotrons and the soil-water-depletion method to determine maize and soybean root length and depth, Eur. J. Agron., 8, 117, 10.1016/S1161-0301(97)00019-1 Kutschera, 1960 1995 Känkänen, 1999, The effect of incorporation time of different crops on the residual effect on spring cereals, Agric. Food Sci. Finland, 8, 285, 10.23986/afsci.5629 Känkänen, 2004, Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals, Agric. Food Sci. Finland, 8, 285, 10.23986/afsci.5629 Madsen, 1985, Distribution of spring barley roots in Danish soils of different texture and under different climatic conditions, Plant Soil, 88, 31, 10.1007/BF02140664 Mac Key, 1988, Shoot:root interrelations in oats, 340 Nielsen, 1979, Plant factors determining the efficiency of nutrient uptake from soils, Acta Agric. Scand., 29, 81, 10.1080/00015127909435213 Oades, 1984, Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management, Plant Soil, 76, 319, 10.1007/BF02205590 2002 Paustian, 1990, Carbon and nitrogen budgets of four agroecosystems with annual and perennial crops, with and without nitrogen fertilization, J. Appl. Ecol., 27, 60, 10.2307/2403568 Pietola, 1995, Effect of soil compactness on the growth and quality of carrot, Agric. Sci. Finland, 4, 137 Pietola, 2004, Root growth dynamics of spring cereals with discontinuation of mouldboard ploughing, Soil Till. Res., 80, 103, 10.1016/j.still.2004.03.001 Russell, 1977 Smit, 1994, The Wageningen rhizolab—a facility to study soil–root–shoot–atmosphere interactions in crops. II. Methods of root observations, Plant Soil, 161, 289, 10.1007/BF00046400 Smucker, 1982, Quantitative separation of roots from compacted soil profiles by the hydropneumatic elutration system, Agron. J., 74, 500, 10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400030023x Smucker, A.J.M., 1984. Carbon utilization and losses by plant root systems. ASA Spec. Publ. 49, pp. 27–46. Steel, 1981 2003 Welbank, P.J., Gibb, M.J., Taylor, P.J., Williams, E.D., 1974. Root growth of cereal crops. Rothamsted Exp. Stn. Rep., 1973, Part 2, pp. 26–66. Whalley, 2004, The hydraulic properties of soil a root–soil interface, Soil Sci., 169, 90, 10.1097/01.ss.0000117790.98510.e6 Wiklert, 1960, About the relation between structure, root development and course of drying in soils, Grundförbättring, 14, 221 Xu, 1992, Above- and below-ground net primary production of four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in western Canada, Can. J. Plant Sci., 72, 1131, 10.4141/cjps92-138 Yli-Halla, 2001, Soils in an agricultural landscape of Jokioinen, south-western Finland, Agric. Food Sci. Finland, 10, 33, 10.23986/afsci.5677 Zagal, 1994, Carbon distribution and nitrogen partitioning in a soil–plant system with barley (Hordeum vulgare), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in a 14CO2-atmosphere, Plant Soil, 166, 63, 10.1007/BF02185482