Measuring policy leakage of Beijing’s car ownership restriction

Abadie, 2019, Using synthetic controls: Feasibility, data requirements, and methodological aspects, J. Econ. Lit. Abadie, 2010, Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of california’s tobacco control program, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 105, 493, 10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746 Abadie, 2011, Synth: An r package for synthetic control methods in comparative case studies, J. Stat. Softw., 42, 10.18637/jss.v042.i13 Abadie, 2003, The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the basque country, Am. Econ. Rev., 93, 113, 10.1257/000282803321455188 Ahlfeldt, 2018, From periphery to core: measuring agglomeration effects using high-speed rail, J. Econ. Geogr., 18, 355, 10.1093/jeg/lbx005 Beijing Morning News, 2011. The car license lottery policy boosts the motorcycle market; the price of a motorcycle license increases by six thousand yuan in two months. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/shehui/2011-06/14/content_12692649.htm. Beijing News, 2012. Having limited car sales for 1 year, Beijing witnesses 4 strange tricks 4S shop agencies use to register for Hebei license. Retrieved from: http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2012-01/16/content_24416701.htm. Bi, X., 2013. Beijing harshly penalizes foreign cars, supporting measures should keep up, Guangzhou Daily F02. Cameron, 2015, A practitioner’s guide to cluster-robust inference, J. Hum. Resour., 50, 317, 10.3368/jhr.50.2.317 CEIC, 2015. China premium dataset. https://www.ceicdata.com/en. Chen, 2013, Bidding to drive: Car license auction policy in shanghai and its public acceptance, Transp. Policy, 27, 39, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.016 China Daily, 2018. Beijing takes aim at congestion, pollution with new car limits. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/16/WS5b244a9fa310010f8f59d4a0.html. China National Bureau of Statistics, 2015. 1% National Population Sample Survey. China News Online, 2018. Beijing introduces a new policy: the outside of the car into the Sixth Ring Road must go to Beijing. Retrieved from: http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1603338247486319375&wfr=spider&for=pc. De Silva, 2010, The effect of migration on wages: evidence from a natural experiment, Am. Econ. Rev., 100, 321, 10.1257/aer.100.2.321 Developer’s Guide: Geocoding, 2019. Google Maps. https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding/intro. Fang, 2011, Beijing drivers head to hebei for license plates, Global Times Gao, 2016, Normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance, Urban Stud., 54, 3318, 10.1177/0042098016664829 Hao, 2011, Comparison of policies on vehicle ownership and use between beijing and shanghai and their impacts on fuel consumption by passenger vehicles, Energy Policy, 39, 1016, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.039 IBM, 2010. The globalization of traffic congestion: Ibm 2010 commuter pain survey, Technical report. Koh, 2003, Control of vehicle ownership and market competition: theory and Singapore’s experience with the vehicle quota system, Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract., 37, 749 Koh, 1994, The vehicle quota system in Singapore: An assessment, Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract., 28, 31 Kuo, 2013, The genius ways beijing drivers get around the city’s license plate lottery, Quartz Li, 2010, Modeling private car ownership in china: Investigation of urban form impact across megacities, Transp. Res. Rec., 2193, 76, 10.3141/2193-10 Li, 2018, Better lucky than rich? Welfare analysis of automobile license allocations in beijing and shanghai, Rev. Econ. Stud., 85, 2389, 10.1093/restud/rdx067 Ministry of Public Security, 2018. The Ministry of Public Security launched 20 new measures for the reform of traffic management. Retrieved from: http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2253534/n2253535/c6160352/content.html. People’s Daily Online, 2013. Beijing car owners register cars in Hebei Province. Retrieved from: http://leaders.people.com.cn/n/2013/1104/c58278-23422593.html. Tencent, 2013. Beijing will suspend issuing long-term permits for the entries of foreign vehicles into Beijing. Retrieved from: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20131230000767. Tencent, 2011. Car dealers cleverly sell vans to avoid the car license lottery policy. Retrieved from: https://auto.qq.com/a/20110302/000256.htm. Tecent Automobile, 2013. Why does the number of non-local cars increase: few restrictions on non-local cars. Retrieved from: https://auto.qq.com/a/20130723/005840.htm. The Beijing News, 2013. Beijing: non-local cars entering the five ring area during the peak hours will be fined for 100 yuan and deducted 3 points. Retrieved from: http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2013/11-26/5548229.shtml. Viard, 2015, The effect of beijing’s driving restrictions on pollution and economic activity, J. Public Econ., 125, 98, 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.02.003 Wang, 2010, Shaping urban transport policies in china: Will copying foreign policies work?, Transp. Policy, 17, 147, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.01.001 Wangyi, 2018. The story of a Beijing citizen awaiting a license plate for seven years. Retrieved from: http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/DN2F89H20511S2MJ.html. Wang, 2017, The distributional effects of lotteries and auctions—license plate regulations in Guangzhou, Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract., 106, 473 Wu, 2016, A study on the determinants of private car ownership in china: Findings from the panel data, Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract., 85, 186 Wu, 2014, Vehicle ownership analysis based on gdp per capita in China: 1963–2050, Sustainability, 6, 4877, 10.3390/su6084877 Xiao, 2017, Welfare analysis of the vehicle quota system in china, Int. Econ. Rev., 58, 617, 10.1111/iere.12229 Xiao, J., Zhou, X.. Hu, W.-M., 2013. Vehicle quota system and its impact on the chinese auto markets: A tale of two cities. Available at SSRN: <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2294217>. Yang, 2014, A review of Beijing’s vehicle registration lottery: Short-term effects on vehicle growth and fuel consumption, Energy Policy, 75, 157, 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.055 Yang, 2017, Car ownership and urban development in chinese cities: A panel data analysis, J. Transp. Geogr., 58, 127, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.11.015 Zhang, 2014, The impact of car license lottery policy on the quantity of motor vehicles in beijing, Xiamen Technol., 01, 57 Zhao, J., Allen, N., Block-Schachter, D., 2016. Purposeful policy leakage: Legitimacy and intentionality of shanghai’s non local vehicles. Working paper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US. Zheng, 2017, The birth of edge cities in china: Measuring the effects of industrial parks policy, J. Urban Econ., 100, 80, 10.1016/j.jue.2017.05.002 Zhou, J., 2018. Prevalent purchases of non-local licenses reflecting the traffic management loopholes, People’s Public Security Daily 3. Zhu, 2013, Economic model for vehicle ownership quota policies and applications in China, Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 96, 2867, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.319