Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice

Matsuzawa, 2005, Adipocytokines and metabolic syndrome, Semin Vasc Med, 5, 34, 10.1055/s-2005-871744

Weisberg, 2003, Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, J Clin Invest, 112, 1796, 10.1172/JCI200319246

Xu, 2003, Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity related insulin resistance, J Clin Invest, 112, 1821, 10.1172/JCI200319451

Sartipy, 2003, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 7265, 10.1073/pnas.1133870100

Hotamisligil, 1993, Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance, Science, 259, 87, 10.1126/science.7678183

Fried, 1998, Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 847

Pickup, 2000, Plasma interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes, Life Sci, 67, 291, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00622-6

Pradhan, 2001, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Am Med Assoc, 286, 327, 10.1001/jama.286.3.327

Juhan-Vague, 2003, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance and vascular risk, J Thromb Haemost, 1, 1575, 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00279.x

Alessi, 2000, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, transforming growth factor-beta1, and BMI are closely associated in human adipose tissue during morbid obesity, Diabetes, 49, 1374, 10.2337/diabetes.49.8.1374

Kanda, 2006, MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity, J Clin Invest, 116, 1494, 10.1172/JCI26498

Kamei, 2006, Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in adipose tissues causes macrophage recruitment and insulin resistance, J Biol Chem, 281, 26602, 10.1074/jbc.M601284200

Yang, 2005, Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes, Nature, 436, 356, 10.1038/nature03711

Graham, 2006, Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects, N Engl J Med, 354, 2552, 10.1056/NEJMoa054862

Gavi, 2007, Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance and body fat distribution in non-obese subjects without type 2 diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 1886, 10.1210/jc.2006-1815

Cho, 2006, Plasma retinol-binding protein-4 concentrations are elevated in human subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 29, 2457, 10.2337/dc06-0360

Munkhtulga, 2007, Identification of a regulatory SNP in the retinol binding protein 4 gene associated with type 2 diabetes in Mongolia, Hum Genet, 120, 879, 10.1007/s00439-006-0264-4

Craig, 2007, Retinol binding protein 4 as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits, Mol Genet Metab, 90, 338, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.11.003

Takashima, 2006, Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance, N Engl J Med, 355, 1392, 10.1056/NEJMc061863

Janke, 2006, Retinol-binding protein 4 in human obesity, Diabetes, 55, 2805, 10.2337/db06-0616

Cabrero, 2001, Bezafibrate reduces mRNA levels of adipocyte markers and increases fatty acid oxidation in primary culture of adipocytes, Diabetes, 50, 1883, 10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1883

Zhou, 2001, Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action, J Clin Invest, 108, 1167, 10.1172/JCI13505

Yamauchi, 2001, The mechanisms by which both heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) deficiency and PPARγ agonist improve insulin resistance, J Biol Chem, 276, 41245, 10.1074/jbc.M103241200

Lehrke, 2005, The many faces of PPARγ, Cell, 123, 993, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.026

Harborne, 1988, The anthocyanins, 1

Brouillard, 1988, Flavonoids and flower color, 525

Tsuda, 1998, Dietary cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside increases ex vivo oxidation resistance of serum in rats, Lipids, 33, 583, 10.1007/s11745-998-0243-5

Tsuda, 1999, Protective effects of dietary cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, Arch Biochem Biophys, 368, 361, 10.1006/abbi.1999.1311

Tsuda, 2002, Cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside attenuates the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through a decrease in the neutrophil chemoattractant production in rats, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 48, 134, 10.3177/jnsv.48.134

Tsuda, 2002, Cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside suppresses nitric oxide production during a zymosan treatment in rats, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 48, 305, 10.3177/jnsv.48.305

Tsuda, 2003, Dietary cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice, J Nutr, 133, 2125, 10.1093/jn/133.7.2125

Tsuda, 2004, Anthocyanin enhances adipocytokine secretion and adipocyte-specific gene expression in isolated rat adipocytes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 316, 149, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.031

Tsuda, 2006, Microarray profiling of gene expression in human adipocytes in response to anthocyanins, Biochem Pharmacol, 71, 1184, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.042

Nishiumi S, Ashida H. Rapid preparation of a plasma membrane fraction from adipocytes and muscle cells: application for detection of translocated glucose transporter 4 on the plasma membrane. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007;71 [in press].

Lowry, 1951, Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, J Biol Chem, 193, 265, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6

Laemmuli, 1970, Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227, 680, 10.1038/227680a0

Shepherd, 1999, Glucose transporters and insulin action--implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 341, 248, 10.1056/NEJM199907223410406

Kahn, 1992, Facilitative glucose transporters: regulatory mechanisms and dysregulation in diabetes, J Clin Invest, 89, 1367, 10.1172/JCI115724

Matsui, 2001, alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 2. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition by isolated acylated anthocyanins, J Agric Food Chem, 49, 1952, 10.1021/jf0012502

Iwai, 2006, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb, J Agric Food Chem, 54, 4588, 10.1021/jf0606353

Hou, 2004, Anthocyanidins inhibit activator protein 1 activity and cell transformation: structure–activity relationship and molecular mechanisms, Carcinogenesis, 25, 29, 10.1093/carcin/bgg184

Hou, 2005, Anthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages: structure–activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved, Biochem Pharmacol, 70, 417, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.003

Imoto, 2006, Impact of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 on insulin signaling, Diabetes, 55, 1197, 10.2337/db05-1187

Houstis, 2006, Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance, Nature, 440, 944, 10.1038/nature04634

Furukawa, 2004, Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome, J. Clin Invest, 114, 1752, 10.1172/JCI21625

Yamaguchi, 2005, Activators of AMP-activated protein kinase enhance GLUT4 translocation and its glucose transport activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Am J Physiol Endcrinol Metab, 289, E643, 10.1152/ajpendo.00456.2004