Activity of deep abdominal muscles increases during submaximal flexion and extension efforts but antagonist co-contraction remains unchanged

Andersen, 2004, Movement of the upper body and muscle activity patterns following a rapidly applied load: the influence of pre-load alterations, Eur J Appl Physiol, 91, 488, 10.1007/s00421-004-1040-6 Aruin, 1998, Anticipatory postural adjustments in conditions of postural instability, Electrocephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 109, 350, 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00029-0 Barker, 2006, Effects of tensioning the lumbar fasciae on segmental stiffness during flexion and extension, Spine, 31, 397, 10.1097/01.brs.0000195869.18844.56 Bartelink, 1957, The role of abdominal pressure in relieving the pressure on the lumbar intervertebral discs, J Bone Joint Surg, 39B, 718, 10.1302/0301-620X.39B4.718 Bergmark, 1989, Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering, Acta Orthop Scand, 230, 1, 10.3109/17453678909154177 Brown, 2003, The responses of leg and trunk muscles to sudden unloading of the hands: implications for balance and spine stability, Clin Biomech, 18, 812, 10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00167-0 Chiang, 2001, The in vivo dynamic response of the human spine to rapid lateral bend perturbation: effects of preload and step input magnitude, Spine, 26, 1457, 10.1097/00007632-200107010-00016 Cholewicki, 1996, Mechanical stability in the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain, Clin Biomech, 11, 1, 10.1016/0268-0033(95)00035-6 Cholewicki, 2002, Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions, Clin Biomech, 17, 99, 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00118-8 Cholewicki, 1997, Stabilizing function of trunk flexor–extensor muscles around a neutral spine posture, Spine, 22, 2207, 10.1097/00007632-199710010-00003 Cholewicki, 2000, Effects of external trunk loads on lumbar spine stability, J Biomech, 33, 1377, 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00118-4 Cholewicki, 2005, Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries, Spine, 30, 2614, 10.1097/01.brs.0000188273.27463.bc Cresswell, 1993, Responses of intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal muscle activity during dynamic trunk loading in man, Eur J Appl Physiol, 66, 315, 10.1007/BF00237775 Cresswell, 1989, The role of the abdominal musculature in the elevation of the intra-abdominal pressure during specified tasks, Ergonomics, 32, 1237, 10.1080/00140138908966893 Cresswell, 1994, Changes in intra-abdominal pressure, trunk activation and force during isokinetic lifting and lowering, Eur J Appl Physiol, 68, 315, 10.1007/BF00571450 Cresswell, 1992, Observations on intra-abdominal pressure and patterns of abdominal intra-muscular activity in man, Acta Physiol Scand, 144, 409, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09314.x Cresswell, 1994, The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing, Exp Brain Res, 98, 336, 10.1007/BF00228421 Crisco, 1991, The intersegmental and multisegmental muscles of the lumbar spine. A biomechanical model comparing lateral stabilizing potential, Spine, 16, 793, 10.1097/00007632-199107000-00018 Daggfeldt, 1997, The role of intra-abdominal pressure in abdominal unloading, J Biomech, 30, 1149, 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00096-1 El-Rich, 2004, Muscle activity, internal loads, and stability of the human spine in standing postures: combined model and in vivo studied, Spine, 29, 2633, 10.1097/01.brs.0000146463.05288.0e Floyd, 1950, Electromyographic study of patterns of activity of the anterior abdominal wall muscles in man, J Anat, 84, 132 Floyd, 1955, The function of the erectors spinae muscles in certain movements and postures in man, J Physiol, 129, 184, 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005347 Gardner-Morse, 1995, Role of muscles in lumbar spine stability in maximum extension efforts, J Orthop Res, 13, 802, 10.1002/jor.1100130521 Granata, 1995, The influence of trunk muscle coactivity on dynamic spinal loads, Spine, 20, 913, 10.1097/00007632-199504150-00006 Granata, 2000, Cost benefit of muscle cocontraction in protecting against spinal instability, Spine, 25, 1398, 10.1097/00007632-200006010-00012 Granata, 2001, Response of muscle coactivation to changes in spinal stability, J Biomech, 34, 1117, 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00081-1 Granata, 2005, Effects of static flexion–relaxation on paraspinal reflex behaviour, Clin Biomech, 20, 16, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.09.001 Haig, 1991, A technique for needle localization in paraspinal muscles with cadaveric confirmation, Muscle Nerve, 14, 521, 10.1002/mus.880140606 Hemborg, 1983, Intra-abdominal pressure and trunk muscle activity during lifting – effect of abdominal muscle training in healthy subjects, Scand J Rehab Med, 15, 183 Hodges, 1999, Is there a role for transversus abdominis in lumbo-pelvic stability?, Manual Ther, 4, 74, 10.1054/math.1999.0169 Hodges, 1996, Inefficient muscular stabilisation of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis, Spine, 21, 2640, 10.1097/00007632-199611150-00014 Hodges, 1997, Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement, Exp Brain Res, 114, 362, 10.1007/PL00005644 Hodges, 1999, Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement, Exp Brain Res, 124, 69, 10.1007/s002210050601 Hodges, 2003, Intervertebral stiffness of the spine is increased by evoked contraction of transversus abdominis and the diaphragm: in vivo Porcine studies, Spine, 28, 2594, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000096676.14323.25 Hodges, 2005, Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine, J Biomech, 38, 1873, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.08.016 Hodges PW, Cholewicki J, Coppieters MW, MacDonald D. Trunk muscle activity is increased during experimental back pain, but the pattern varies between individuals. In: Proceedings of the XVI congress of the international society of electrophysiology and kinesiology; 2006. p. 140. Huang, 2001, Intramuscular myoelectric activity and selective coactivation of trunk muscles during lateral flexion with and without load, Spine, 26, 1465, 10.1097/00007632-200107010-00017 Hugon, 1982, Anticipatory postural changes induced by active unloading and comparison with passive unloading in man, Eur J Physiol, 393, 292, 10.1007/BF00581412 Janevic, 1991, Large compressive preloads decrease lumbar motion segments flexibility, J Orthop Res, 9, 228, 10.1002/jor.1100090211 Kaigle, 1995, Experimental instability in the lumbar spine, Spine, 20, 421, 10.1097/00007632-199502001-00004 Krajcarski, 1999, The in vivo dynamic response of the spine to perturbations causing rapid flexion: effects of pre-load and step input magnitude, Clin Biomech, 14, 54, 10.1016/S0268-0033(98)00048-5 Lavender, 1995, The effects of a temporal warning signal on the biomechanical preparations for sudden loading, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 5, 45, 10.1016/S1050-6411(99)80005-4 Lavender, 1989, The effects of preview and task symmetry on trunk muscle response to sudden loading, Hum Fact, 31, 101, 10.1177/001872088903100108 Marras, 1987, Trunk force development during static and dynamic lifts, Hum Fact, 29, 19, 10.1177/001872088702900103 McGill, 1991, Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: implications for lumbar mechanics, J Orthop Res, 9, 91, 10.1002/jor.1100090112 McGill, 1988, Measurement of the trunk musculature of active males using CT scan radiography: implications for force and moment generating capacity about the L4/L5 joint, J Biomech, 21, 329, 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90262-X Moseley, 2002, Deep and superficial fibres of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements, Spine, 27, E29, 10.1097/00007632-200201150-00013 Moseley, 2003, External perturbation of the trunk in standing humans differentially activates components of the medial back muscles, J Physiol, 547, 581, 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024950 Ng, 1998, Muscle fibre orientation of abdominal muscles and suggested surface EMG electrode positions, Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol, 38, 51 Pope, 1986, Electromyographic studies of the lumbar trunk musculature during the development of axial torques, J Orthop Res, 4, 288, 10.1002/jor.1100040305 Reeves, 2005, Muscle reflex classification of low back pain, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 15, 53, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.07.001 Richardson, 2002, The relation between the transversus abdominis muscles, sacroiliac joint mechanics, and low back pain, Spine, 27, 399, 10.1097/00007632-200202150-00015 Ross, 1993, The effects of resistance level on muscle coordination patterns and movement profile during trunk extension, Spine, 18, 1829, 10.1097/00007632-199310000-00019 Silfies, 2005, Trunk muscle recruitment patterns in specific chronic low back pain populations, Clin Biomech, 20, 465, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.01.007 Stokes, 2005, Relationships of EMG to effort in the trunk under isometric conditions: force-increasing and decreasing effects and temporal delays, Clin Biomech, 20, 9, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.08.010 Stokes, 2000, Decrease in trunk muscular response to perturbation with preactivation of lumbar spinal musculature, Spine, 25, 1957, 10.1097/00007632-200008010-00015 Stokes, 2006, Trunk muscular activation patterns and responses to transient force perturbation in persons with self-reported low back pain, Eur Spine J, 15, 658, 10.1007/s00586-005-0893-7 Tesh, 1987, The abdominal muscles and vertebral stability, Spine, 12, 501, 10.1097/00007632-198706000-00014 Thelen, 1995, Co-contraction of lumbar muscles during the development of time-varying triaxial moments, J Orthop Res, 13, 390, 10.1002/jor.1100130313 Thomas, 1998, Trunk kinematics and trunk muscle activity during a rapidly applied load, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 8, 215, 10.1016/S1050-6411(98)00008-X Urquhart, 2005, Differential activity of regions of transversus abdominis during trunk rotation, Eur Spine J, 14, 393, 10.1007/s00586-004-0799-9 Van Dieen, 2003, Trunk muscle recruitment patterns in patients with low back pain enhance the stability of the lumbar spine, Spine, 28, 834, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000058939.51147.55 Vera-Garcia, 2006, Effects of different levels of torso coactivation on trunk muscular and kinematic responses to posteriorly applied sudden loads, Clin Biomech, 21, 443, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.12.006 Wilke, 1995, Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups, Spine, 20, 192, 10.1097/00007632-199501150-00011