Abnormalities of hemostasis in chronic liver disease: Reappraisal of their clinical significance and need for clinical and laboratory research

Peck-Radosavljevic, 2000, Thrombocytopenia in liver disease, Can J Gastroenterol, Suppl D, 60D, 10.1155/2000/617428 Rubin, 1979, Platelet function in chronic liver disease: relationship to disease severity, Dig Dis Sci, 24, 197, 10.1007/BF01308429 Ordinas, 1996, Existence of a platelet-adhesion defect in patients with cirrhosis independent of hematocrit: studies under flow conditions, Hepatology, 24, 1137, 10.1002/hep.510240526 Thomas, 1967, Platelet aggregation in patients with Laennec’s cirrhosis of the liver, N Engl J Med, 276, 1344, 10.1056/NEJM196706152762403 Ballard, 1976, Platelet aggregation in portal cirrhosis, Arch Intern Med, 136, 316, 10.1001/archinte.136.3.316 Laffi, 1986, Altered renal and platelet arachidonic acid metabolism in cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 90, 274, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90921-2 Laffi, 1988, Altered platelet function in cirrhosis of the liver: impairment of inositol lipid and arachidonic acid metabolism in response to agonists, Hepatology, 8, 1620, 10.1002/hep.1840080625 Laffi, 1986, Effects of sulindac and ibuprofen in patients with cirrhosis and ascites an explanation for the renal-sparing effect of sulindac, Gastroenterology, 90, 182, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90091-0 Laffi, 1993, Defective signal transduction in platelets from cirrhotics is associated with increased cyclic nucleotides, Gastroenterology, 105, 148, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90020-D Laffi, 1992, Evidence for a storage pool defect in platelets from cirrhotic patients with defective aggregation, Gastroenterology, 103, 641, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90859-W Ordinas, 1978, A glycoprotein I defect in the platelets of three patients with severe cirrhosis of the liver, Thromb Res, 13, 297, 10.1016/0049-3848(78)90018-X Violi, 1994, Bleeding time in patients with cirrhosis: relation with degree of liver failure and clotting abnormalities C.A.L.C. Group. Coagulation Abnormalities in Cirrhosis Study Group, J Hepatol, 20, 531, 10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80501-X Boberg, 1999, Is a prolonged bleeding time associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage after liver biopsy?, Thromb Haemost, 81, 378, 10.1055/s-0037-1614481 Mannucci, 1986, Controlled trial of desmopressin in liver cirrhosis and other conditions associated with a prolonged bleeding time, Blood, 67, 1148, 10.1182/blood.V67.4.1148.bloodjournal6741148 Burroughs, 1985, Desmopressin and bleeding time in patients with cirrhosis, Br Med J, 291, 1377, 10.1136/bmj.291.6506.1377 Cattaneo, 1990, Subcutaneous desmopressin (DDAVP) shortens the prolonged bleeding time in patients with liver cirrhosis, Thromb Haemost, 64, 358, 10.1055/s-0038-1647318 de Franchis, 1993, Randomized controlled trial of desmopressin plus terlipressin vs. terlipressin alone for the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients: a multicenter, double-blind study, New Italian Endoscopic Club. Hepatology, 18, 1102 Wong, 2003, Desmopressin does not decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing hepatectomy, Can J Anaesth, 50, 14, 10.1007/BF03020180 Lisman, 2006, Elevated levels of von Willebrand Factor in cirrhosis support platelet adhesion despite reduced functional capacity, Hepatology, 44, 53, 10.1002/hep.21231 Sue, 1996, Variation between centers in technique and guidelines for liver biopsy, Liver, 16, 267, 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1996.tb00741.x Hedner, 2003, Hemostatic disorders in liver disease, 625 Ewe, 1981, Bleeding after liver biopsy does not correlate with indices of peripheral coagulation, Dig Dis Sci, 26, 388, 10.1007/BF01313579 Segal, 2005, Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures: an evidence-based review, Transfusion., 45, 1413, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00546.x Boks, 1986, Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in severe liver failure and their relation to hemorrhage, Hepatology, 6, 79, 10.1002/hep.1840060115 Diaz, 2001, Liver biopsy, New Engl J Med., 344, 2030, 10.1056/NEJM200106283442614 Grabau, 2004, Performance standards for therapeutic abdominal paracentesis, Hepatology, 40, 484, 10.1002/hep.20317 Terjung, 2003, Bleeding complications after percutaneous liver biopsy, An analysis of risk factors. Digestion., 67, 138 McGill, 1990, A 21 year experience with major hemorrhage after percutaneous liver biopsy, Gastroenterology, 99, 1396, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91167-5 Esmon, 1989, The roles of protein C and thrombomodulin in the regulation of blood coagulation, J Biol Chem, 264, 4743, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83649-3 Huntington, 2003, Mechanisms of glycosaminoglycan activation of the serpins in hemostasis, J Thromb Haemost, 1, 1535, 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00305.x Tripodi, 2005, Evidence of normal thrombin generation in cirrhosis despite abnormal conventional coagulation tests, Hepatology, 41, 553, 10.1002/hep.20569 Hemker, 2003, Calibrated automated thrombin generation measurement in clotting plasma, Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 33, 4, 10.1159/000071636 Chantarangkul, 2003, Thrombin generation assessed as endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) in patients with hypo- or hyper-coagulability. Effects of phospholipids, tissue factor and residual platelets on the measurement performed in platelet-poor and platelet-rich plasma, Haematologica, 88, 547 Bevers, 1991, Platelet procoagulant activity: physiological significance and mechanisms of exposure, Blood Rev, 5, 146, 10.1016/0268-960X(91)90031-7 Tripodi, 2006, Thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis: the role of platelets, Hepatology, 44, 440, 10.1002/hep.21266 Caldwell, 2006, Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease: pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management, Hepatology, 44, 1039, 10.1002/hep.21303 Bosch, 2004, European Study Group on rFVIIa in UGI Haemorrhage. Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial, Gastroenterology, 127, 1123, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.015 Lodge, 2005, rFVIIa OLT study group. Efficacy and safety of repeated perioperative doses of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation, Liver Transpl, 11, 973, 10.1002/lt.20470 Planinsic, 2005, Safety and efficacy of a single bolus administration of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation due to chronic liver disease, Liver Transpl, 11, 895, 10.1002/lt.20458 Porte, 2005, The role of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation, Liver Transpl, 11, 872, 10.1002/lt.20447 Sobhonslidsuk, 2002, Portal vein thrombosis: a concise review, Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 535, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05527.x Amitrano, 2000, Inherited coagulation disorders in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis, Hepatology, 31, 345, 10.1002/hep.510310213 Hollestelle, 2004, Factor VIII expression in liver disease, Thromb Haemost, 91, 267, 10.1160/TH03-05-0310 Booth, 1984, Plasminogen activators in alcoholic cirrhosis: demonstration of increased tissue type and urokinase type activator, J Clin Pathol, 37, 772, 10.1136/jcp.37.7.772 Hersch, 1987, The pathogenesis of accelerated fibrinolysis in liver cirrhosis: a critical role for tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor, Blood, 69, 1315, 10.1182/blood.V69.5.1315.1315 Tran-Thang, 1989, Plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitors in liver deficiencies caused by chronic alcoholism or infectious hepatitis, Thromb Haemost, 62, 651, 10.1055/s-0038-1646877 Marongiu, 1985, Alpha 2 Antiplasmin and disseminated intravascular coagulation in liver cirrhosis, Thromb Res, 37, 287, 10.1016/0049-3848(85)90017-9 Sinclair, 1988, Protease inhibitors in liver disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, 23, 620, 10.3109/00365528809093922 Van Thiel, 2001, Low levels of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in patients with chronic liver disease, Thromb Haemost, 85, 667, 10.1055/s-0037-1615651 Lisman, 2001, Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor deficiency in cirrhosis is not associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis, Gastroenterology, 121, 131, 10.1053/gast.2001.25481 Colucci, 2003, Deficiency of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in cirrhosis is associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis, Hepatology, 38, 230, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50277 Peck-Radosavljevic, 2000, Thrombopoietin induces rapid resolution of thrombocytopenia after orthotopic liver transplantation through increased platelet production, Blood, 95, 795, 10.1182/blood.V95.3.795.003k25_795_801