Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbott, 2002, Astrocyte–endothelial interactions and blood–brain barrier permeability, J. Anat., 200, 629, 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00064.x
Abbott, 2006, Astrocyte–endothelial interactions at the blood–brain barrier, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 41, 10.1038/nrn1824
Adamson, 1999, Lymphocyte migration through brain endothelial cell monolayers involves signaling through endothelial ICAM-1 via a rho-dependent pathway, J. Immunol., 162, 2964, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2964
Agrawal, 2006, Dystroglycan is selectively cleaved at the parenchymal basement membrane at sites of leukocyte extravasation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Exp. Med., 203, 1007, 10.1084/jem.20051342
Agrawal, 2007, Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 79, 99, 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)79005-0
Airas, 2006, Elevated serum soluble vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) in patients with active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 177, 132, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.014
Alvarez, 2009, Astrocyte-secreted sonic hedgehog supports CNS anti-inflammatory activity and promotes optimal human blood brain barrier functioning, Clin. Immunol., 131, S34, 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.096
Alvarez, 2007, Differential changes in junctional complex proteins suggest the ependymal lining as the main source of leukocyte infiltration into ventricles in murine neurocysticercosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 187, 102, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.005
Alvarez, 2007, Evidence for differential changes of junctional complex proteins in murine neurocysticercosis dependent upon CNS vasculature, Brain Res., 1169, 98, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.010
Andreeva, 2010, T-cadherin modulates endothelial barrier function, J. Cell. Physiol., 223, 94
Antonetti, 1999, Vascular endothelial growth factor induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 23463, 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23463
Antonetti, 2002, Hydrocortisone decreases retinal endothelial cell water and solute flux coincident with increased content and decreased phosphorylation of occludin, J. Neurochem., 80, 667, 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00740.x
Armulik, 2005, Endothelial/pericyte interactions, Circ. Res., 97, 512, 10.1161/01.RES.0000182903.16652.d7
Asahi, 2001, Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene knock-out on the proteolysis of blood–brain barrier and white matter components after cerebral ischemia, J. Neurosci., 21, 7724, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07724.2001
Aurrand-Lions, 2001, Heterogeneity of endothelial junctions is reflected by differential expression and specific subcellular localization of the three JAM family members, Blood, 98, 3699, 10.1182/blood.V98.13.3699
Badovinac, 1998, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats by influencing the activation and proliferation of encephalitogenic cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 85, 87, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00020-4
Balabanov, 1998, Role of the CNS microvascular pericyte in the blood–brain barrier, J. Neurosci. Res., 53, 637, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980915)53:6<637::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-6
Balabanov, 1996, CNS microvascular pericytes express macrophage-like function, cell surface integrin alpha M, and macrophage marker ED-2, Microvasc. Res., 52, 127, 10.1006/mvre.1996.0049
Ballabh, 2004, The blood–brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications, Neurobiol. Dis., 16, 1, 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016
Bar-Or, 2003, Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 126, 2738, 10.1093/brain/awg285
Bartholomaus, 2009, Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions, Nature, 462, 94, 10.1038/nature08478
Barton, 2001, Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus, Cell, 104, 441, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00231-8
Battistini, 2003, CD8+ T cells from patients with acute multiple sclerosis display selective increase of adhesiveness in brain venules: a critical role for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, Blood, 101, 4775, 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3309
Bauer, 2009, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates hypoxia-induced vascular leakage in the brain via tight junction rearrangement, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.
Bazzoni, 2004, Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis, Physiol. Rev., 84, 869, 10.1152/physrev.00035.2003
Bjartmar, 2003, Axonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis, Neurotox. Res., 5, 157, 10.1007/BF03033380
Blum, 1997, Cytoskeletal rearrangement mediates human microvascular endothelial tight junction modulation by cytokines, Am. J. Physiol., 273, H286
Bolton, 1998, Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown in vivo, Neuroscience, 86, 1245, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00058-X
Brennan, 1999, CD44 is involved in selective leucocyte extravasation during inflammatory central nervous system disease, Immunology, 98, 427, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00894.x
Brown, 2004, Molecular mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid production, Neuroscience, 129, 957, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.003
Bruewer, 2003, Proinflammatory cytokines disrupt epithelial barrier function by apoptosis-independent mechanisms, J. Immunol., 171, 6164, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6164
Bruewer, 2005, Interferon-gamma induces internalization of epithelial tight junction proteins via a macropinocytosis-like process, FASEB J., 19, 923, 10.1096/fj.04-3260com
Bundgaard, 2008, All vertebrates started out with a glial blood–brain barrier 4-500 million years ago, Glia, 56, 699, 10.1002/glia.20642
Calabresi, 2001, T lymphocytes conditioned with Interferon beta induce membrane and soluble VCAM on human brain endothelial cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 115, 161, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00253-3
Calabria, 2008, A genomic comparison of in vivo and in vitro brain microvascular endothelial cells, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 28, 135, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600518
Cannella, 1990, Upregulation and coexpression of adhesion molecules correlate with relapsing autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system, J. Exp. Med., 172, 1521, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1521
Cannella, 1995, The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions, Ann. Neurol., 37, 424, 10.1002/ana.410370404
Cardona, 2008, Chemokines in and out of the central nervous system: much more than chemotaxis and inflammation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 10.1189/jlb.1107763
Carman, 2004, A transmigratory cup in leukocyte diapedesis both through individual vascular endothelial cells and between them, J. Cell Biol., 167, 377, 10.1083/jcb.200404129
Carrithers, 2002, Role of genetic background in P selectin-dependent immune surveillance of the central nervous system, J. Neuroimmunol., 129, 51, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00172-8
Cayrol, 2008, Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule promotes leukocyte trafficking into the central nervous system, Nat. Immunol., 9, 137, 10.1038/ni1551
Charo, 2006, The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation, N Engl J. Med., 354, 610, 10.1056/NEJMra052723
Chigaev, 2003, Alpha4beta1 integrin affinity changes govern cell adhesion, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 38174, 10.1074/jbc.M210472200
de Vries, 2002, Signal-regulatory protein alpha-CD47 interactions are required for the transmigration of monocytes across cerebral endothelium, J. Immunol., 168, 5832, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5832
Dejana, 2000, The molecular organization of endothelial junctions and their functional role in vascular morphogenesis and permeability, Int. J. Dev. Biol., 44, 743
Dejana, 2008, The role of adherens junctions and VE-cadherin in the control of vascular permeability, J. Cell Sci., 121, 2115, 10.1242/jcs.017897
del Zoppo, 2006, Vascular matrix adhesion and the blood–brain barrier, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 34, 1261, 10.1042/BST0341261
Demeure, 2000, CD47 engagement inhibits cytokine production and maturation of human dendritic cells, J. Immunol., 164, 2193, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2193
Dodelet-Devillers, 2009, Functions of lipid raft membrane microdomains at the blood–brain barrier, J. Mol. Med., 87, 765, 10.1007/s00109-009-0488-6
Dohgu, 2005, Brain pericytes contribute to the induction and up-regulation of blood–brain barrier functions through transforming growth factor-beta production, Brain Res., 1038, 208, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.027
Dore-Duffy, 1995, Circulating, soluble adhesion proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical activity, Ann. Neurol., 37, 55, 10.1002/ana.410370111
Dore-Duffy, 1993, Expression of endothelial cell activation antigens in microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 331, 243, 10.1007/978-1-4615-2920-0_38
Doring, 2007, E- and P-selectin are not required for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 and SJL mice, J. Immunol., 179, 8470, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8470
Droogan, 1996, Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis: predominant intrathecal release of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, J. Neuroimmunol., 64, 185, 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00174-3
Dutta, 2007, Pathogenesis of axonal and neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 68, S22, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000275229.13012.32
Engelhardt, 2006, Regulation of immune cell entry into the central nervous system, Results Probl. Cell Differ., 43, 259, 10.1007/400_020
Engelhardt, 2009, PSGL-1–the hidden player in T cell trafficking into the brain in multiple sclerosis?, J. Leukoc. Biol., 86, 1023, 10.1189/jlb.0509358
Engelhardt, 2008, Natalizumab: targeting alpha4-integrins in multiple sclerosis, Neurodegener. Dis., 5, 16, 10.1159/000109933
Engelhardt, 2005, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is not required for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL and C57BL/6 mice, J. Immunol., 175, 1267, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1267
Engelhardt, 2005, The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms, Trends Immunol., 26, 485, 10.1016/j.it.2005.07.004
Engelhardt, 2009, The blood–brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction, Semin. Immunopathol., 31, 497, 10.1007/s00281-009-0177-0
Engelhardt, 2001, Involvement of the choroid plexus in central nervous system inflammation, Microsc. Res. Tech., 52, 112, 10.1002/1097-0029(20010101)52:1<112::AID-JEMT13>3.0.CO;2-5
Fischer, 2005, H2O2 induces paracellular permeability of porcine brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells by activation of the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 84, 687, 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.03.002
Friese, 2009, Pathogenic CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 66, 132, 10.1002/ana.21744
Frohman, 2005, Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions, Arch. Neurol., 62, 1345, 10.1001/archneur.62.9.1345
Frohman, 2006, Multiple sclerosis—the plaque and its pathogenesis, N Engl J. Med., 354, 942, 10.1056/NEJMra052130
Frohman, 2005, Therapeutic considerations for disease progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence, experience, and future expectations, Arch. Neurol., 62, 1519, 10.1001/archneur.62.10.1519
Gavard, 2006, VEGF controls endothelial-cell permeability by promoting the beta-arrestin-dependent endocytosis of VE-cadherin, Nat. Cell Biol., 8, 1223, 10.1038/ncb1486
Gerhardt, 2000, N-cadherin mediates pericytic-endothelial interaction during brain angiogenesis in the chicken, Dev. Dyn., 218, 472, 10.1002/1097-0177(200007)218:3<472::AID-DVDY1008>3.0.CO;2-#
Gijbels, 1990, Interleukin 6 production in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Eur. J. Immunol., 20, 233, 10.1002/eji.1830200134
Gloor, 2001, Molecular and cellular permeability control at the blood–brain barrier, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 36, 258, 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00102-3
Gotsch, 1994, Expression of P-selectin on endothelial cells is upregulated by LPS and TNF-alpha in vivo, Cell Adhes. Commun., 2, 7, 10.3109/15419069409014198
Graber, 2005, Interferon-beta-1a induces increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule: implications for its mode of action in multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 161, 169, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.11.017
Graesser, 2000, Distinct roles for matrix metalloproteinase-2 and alpha4 integrin in autoimmune T cell extravasation and residency in brain parenchyma during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 109, 121, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00275-7
Greenwood, 2002, Lymphocyte migration into the central nervous system: implication of ICAM-1 signalling at the blood–brain barrier, Vascul. Pharmacol, 38, 315, 10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00199-4
Greenwood, 1995, Lymphocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration in the central nervous system: the role of LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4 and VCAM-1. off, Immunology, 86, 408
Guillemot, 2006, Cingulin regulates claudin-2 expression and cell proliferation through the small GTPase RhoA, Mol. Biol. Cell, 17, 3569, 10.1091/mbc.E06-02-0122
Guillemot, 2008, The cytoplasmic plaque of tight junctions: a scaffolding and signalling center, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1778, 601, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.09.032
Harhaj, 2004, Regulation of tight junctions and loss of barrier function in pathophysiology, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 36, 1206, 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.007
Harris, 1991, Serial gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with early, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: implications for clinical trials and natural history, Ann. Neurol., 29, 548, 10.1002/ana.410290515
Hartmann, 2007, The impact of glia-derived extracellular matrices on the barrier function of cerebral endothelial cells: an in vitro study, Exp. Cell Res., 313, 1318, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.01.024
Hawkins, 2005, The blood–brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease, Pharmacol. Rev., 57, 173, 10.1124/pr.57.2.4
Hayashi, 2004, Effects of hypoxia on endothelial/pericytic co-culture model of the blood–brain barrier, Regul. Pept., 123, 77, 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.05.023
Hellstrom, 2001, Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis, J. Cell Biol., 153, 543, 10.1083/jcb.153.3.543
Henderson, 2009, Multiple sclerosis: distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions, Ann. Neurol., 66, 739, 10.1002/ana.21800
Hohlfeld, 2004, Autoimmune concepts of multiple sclerosis as a basis for selective immunotherapy: from pipe dreams to (therapeutic) pipelines, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 14599, 10.1073/pnas.0404874101
Hori, 2004, A pericyte-derived angiopoietin-1 multimeric complex induces occludin gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells through Tie-2 activation in vitro, J. Neurochem., 89, 503, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02343.x
Huppert, 2009, Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood–brain barrier disruption, FASEB J.
Ifergan, 2008, The blood–brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells, Brain, 131, 785, 10.1093/brain/awm295
Ifergan, 2006, Statins reduce human blood–brain barrier permeability and restrict leukocyte migration: relevance to multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 60, 45, 10.1002/ana.20875
Igarashi, 1999, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces barrier function of endothelial cells forming the blood–brain barrier, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 261, 108, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0992
Ivanov, 2001, Expression of cell adhesion molecule T-cadherin in the human vasculature, Histochem. Cell Biol., 115, 231, 10.1007/s004180100252
Jaakkola, 2000, In vivo detection of vascular adhesion protein-1 in experimental inflammation, Am. J. Pathol., 157, 463, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64558-0
Jalkanen, 2007, The oxidase activity of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) induces endothelial E- and P-selectins and leukocyte binding, Blood, 110, 1864, 10.1182/blood-2007-01-069674
Jalkanen, 2008, VAP-1 and CD73, endothelial cell surface enzymes in leukocyte extravasation, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 28, 18, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153130
Jucker, 1996, Laminins in the adult and aged brain, Mol. Chem. Neuropathol., 28, 209, 10.1007/BF02815224
Kebir, 2009, Preferential recruitment of interferon-gamma-expressing T H 17 cells in multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 66, 390, 10.1002/ana.21748
Kebir, 2007, Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood–brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation, Nat. Med., 13, 1173, 10.1038/nm1651
Kerfoot, 2002, Overlapping roles of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin to recruit leukocytes to the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., 169, 1000, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.1000
Kerfoot, 2006, Reevaluation of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin as targets for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., 176, 6225, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.6225
Kirk, 2003, Tight junctional abnormality in multiple sclerosis white matter affects all calibres of vessel and is associated with blood–brain barrier leakage and active demyelination, J. Pathol., 201, 319, 10.1002/path.1434
Kivisakk, 2003, Flow cytometric analysis of chemokine receptor expression on cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes, Methods, 29, 319, 10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00355-9
Kivisakk, 2003, Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 100, 8389, 10.1073/pnas.1433000100
Kniesel, 2000, Tight junctions of the blood–brain barrier, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 20, 57, 10.1023/A:1006995910836
Koning, 2007, Downregulation of macrophage inhibitory molecules in multiple sclerosis lesions, Ann. Neurol., 62, 504, 10.1002/ana.21220
Kraus, 2004, Interferon-beta stabilizes barrier characteristics of brain endothelial cells in vitro, Ann. Neurol., 56, 192, 10.1002/ana.20161
Kraus, 2008, Interferon-beta stabilizes barrier characteristics of the blood–brain barrier in four different species in vitro, Mult. Scler., 14, 843, 10.1177/1352458508088940
Krueger, 2010, CNS pericytes: concepts, misconceptions, and a way out, Glia, 58, 1, 10.1002/glia.20898
Lai, 2005, Critical role of actin in modulating BBB permeability, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 50, 7, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.007
Lalor, 2007, Activation of vascular adhesion protein-1 on liver endothelium results in an NF-kappaB-dependent increase in lymphocyte adhesion, Hepatology, 45, 465, 10.1002/hep.21497
Lampugnani, 2007, The control of endothelial cell functions by adherens junctions, Novartis Found. Symp., 283, 4, 10.1002/9780470319413.ch2
Lassmann, 2005, Multiple sclerosis pathology: evolution of pathogenetic concepts, Brain Pathol., 15, 217, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00523.x
Lassmann, 2001, Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: implications for diagnosis and therapy, Trends Mol. Med., 7, 115, 10.1016/S1471-4914(00)01909-2
Lee, 2007, Expression of the ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter, ABCG2, in human and rodent brain microvessel endothelial and glial cell culture systems, Pharm. Res., 24, 1262, 10.1007/s11095-007-9244-1
Lee, 2004, Hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations of tight junction proteins in bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells, Microvasc. Res., 68, 231, 10.1016/j.mvr.2004.07.005
Lee, 2003, SSeCKS regulates angiogenesis and tight junction formation in blood–brain barrier, Nat. Med., 9, 900, 10.1038/nm889
Leech, 2007, Persistent endothelial abnormalities and blood–brain barrier leak in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 33, 86, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00781.x
Ley, 2007, Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7, 678, 10.1038/nri2156
Lindahl, 1997, Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice, Science, 277, 242, 10.1126/science.277.5323.242
Lippoldt, 2000, Organization of choroid plexus epithelial and endothelial cell tight junctions and regulation of claudin-1, -2 and -5 expression by protein kinase C, NeuroReport, 11, 1427, 10.1097/00001756-200005150-00015
Luster, 2005, Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets, Nat. Immunol., 6, 1182, 10.1038/ni1275
Mahad, 2003, Longitudinal study of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: CXCR3 upregulation is associated with relapse, Mult. Scler., 9, 189, 10.1191/1352458503ms899oa
Man, 2007, Inflammatory cell migration into the central nervous system: a few new twists on an old tale, Brain Pathol., 17, 243, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00067.x
Martin-Padura, 1998, Junctional adhesion molecule, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that distributes at intercellular junctions and modulates monocyte transmigration, J. Cell Biol., 142, 117, 10.1083/jcb.142.1.117
Martinez-Estrada, 2001, Association of junctional adhesion molecule with calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK/LIN-2) in human epithelial caco-2 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 9291, 10.1074/jbc.M006991200
Matsuda, 1994, Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 in the spinal cord of rats during acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Autoimmunity, 19, 15, 10.3109/08916939409008004
Matter, 2003, Holey barrier: claudins and the regulation of brain endothelial permeability, J. Cell Biol., 161, 459, 10.1083/jcb.200304039
McDonnell, 1999, Serum soluble adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis: raised sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin in primary progressive disease, J. Neurol., 246, 87, 10.1007/s004150050313
McDonnell, 1998, Raised CSF levels of soluble adhesion molecules across the clinical spectrum of multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 85, 186, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00009-5
McFarland, 2007, Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity, Nat. Immunol., 8, 913, 10.1038/ni1507
McMahon, 2006, CNS dendritic cells: critical participants in CNS inflammation?, Neurochem. Int., 49, 195, 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.04.004
McQuaid, 2009, The effects of blood–brain barrier disruption on glial cell function in multiple sclerosis, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 37, 329, 10.1042/BST0370329
Mills, 2008, CD73 is required for efficient entry of lymphocytes into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 9325, 10.1073/pnas.0711175105
Nagasawa, 2006, Possible involvement of gap junctions in the barrier function of tight junctions of brain and lung endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 208, 123, 10.1002/jcp.20647
Naik, 2003, Signaling through JAM-1 and alphavbeta3 is required for the angiogenic action of bFGF: dissociation of the JAM-1 and alphavbeta3 complex, Blood, 102, 2108, 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1114
Nakagawa, 2007, Pericytes from brain microvessels strengthen the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 27, 687, 10.1007/s10571-007-9195-4
Nelson, 2008, Regulation of cell–cell adhesion by the cadherin-catenin complex, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 36, 149, 10.1042/BST0360149
Neuhaus, 1991, Induction of blood–brain barrier characteristics in bovine brain endothelial cells by rat astroglial cells in transfilter coculture, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 633, 578, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15667.x
Niemela, 2008, IFN-beta regulates CD73 and adenosine expression at the blood–brain barrier, Eur. J. Immunol., 38, 2718, 10.1002/eji.200838437
Nitta, 2003, Size-selective loosening of the blood–brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice, J. Cell Biol., 161, 653, 10.1083/jcb.200302070
Nottebaum, 2008, VE-PTP maintains the endothelial barrier via plakoglobin and becomes dissociated from VE-cadherin by leukocytes and by VEGF, J. Exp. Med., 205, 2929, 10.1084/jem.20080406
Nourshargh, 2006, The role of JAM-A and PECAM-1 in modulating leukocyte infiltration in inflamed and ischemic tissues, J. Leukoc. Biol., 80, 714, 10.1189/jlb.1105645
Nusrat, 2000, Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 279, G851, 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.5.G851
O'Rourke, 2007, Benefit of inhibiting SSAO in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Neural Transm., 114, 845, 10.1007/s00702-007-0699-3
Oldenborg, 2000, Role of CD47 as a marker of self on red blood cells, Science, 288, 2051, 10.1126/science.288.5473.2051
Ozaki, 1999, Cutting edge: combined treatment of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma causes redistribution of junctional adhesion molecule in human endothelial cells, J. Immunol., 163, 553, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.553
Padden, 2007, Differences in expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A and beta-catenin in multiple sclerosis brain tissue: increasing evidence for the role of tight junction pathology, Acta Neuropathol., 113, 177, 10.1007/s00401-006-0145-x
Paik, 2004, Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor regulation of N-cadherin mediates vascular stabilization, Genes Dev., 18, 2392, 10.1101/gad.1227804
Paris, 2008, Structural organization of the tight junctions, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1778, 646, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.004
Park, 2008, Meteorin regulates angiogenesis at the gliovascular interface, Glia, 56, 247, 10.1002/glia.20600
Persidsky, 2006, Blood–brain barrier: structural components and function under physiologic and pathologic conditions, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 1, 223, 10.1007/s11481-006-9025-3
Phelps, 1972, The development of glio-vascular relationships in the rat spinal cord. An electron microscopic study, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat., 128, 555, 10.1007/BF00306988
Piccio, 2002, Molecular mechanisms involved in lymphocyte recruitment in inflamed brain microvessels: critical roles for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and heterotrimeric G(i)-linked receptors, J. Immunol., 168, 1940, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1940
Plumb, 2002, Abnormal endothelial tight junctions in active lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis, Brain Pathol., 12, 154, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00430.x
Pokutta, 2008, Biochemical and structural analysis of alpha-catenin in cell–cell contacts, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 36, 141, 10.1042/BST0360141
Prat, 2005, Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 18, 225, 10.1097/01.wco.0000169737.99040.31
Prat, 2000, B7 expression and antigen presentation by human brain endothelial cells: requirement for proinflammatory cytokines, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 59, 129, 10.1093/jnen/59.2.129
Prat, 2001, Glial cell influence on the human blood–brain barrier, Glia, 36, 145, 10.1002/glia.1104
Rajasekaran, 1996, Catenins and zonula occludens-1 form a complex during early stages in the assembly of tight junctions, J. Cell Biol., 132, 451, 10.1083/jcb.132.3.451
Ransohoff, 2002, The chemokine system in neuroinflammation: an update, J. Infect. Dis., 186, S152, 10.1086/344266
Ransohoff, 2007, “Thinking without thinking” about natalizumab and PML, J. Neurol. Sci., 259, 50, 10.1016/j.jns.2006.04.011
Ransohoff, 2003, Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3, 569, 10.1038/nri1130
Rebenko-Moll, 2006, Chemokines, mononuclear cells and the nervous system: heaven (or hell) is in the details, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 18, 683, 10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.005
Reboldi, 2009, C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE, Nat. Immunol., 10, 514, 10.1038/ni.1716
Reuss, 2003, Functions of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF-5 in astroglial differentiation and blood–brain barrier permeability: evidence from mouse mutants, J. Neurosci., 23, 6404, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-16-06404.2003
Rubina, 2007, T-cadherin suppresses angiogenesis in vivo by inhibiting migration of endothelial cells, Angiogenesis, 10, 183, 10.1007/s10456-007-9072-2
Saitou, 2000, Complex phenotype of mice lacking occludin, a component of tight junction strands, Mol. Biol. Cell, 11, 4131, 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4131
Salmi, 1992, A 90-kilodalton endothelial cell molecule mediating lymphocyte binding in humans, Science, 257, 1407, 10.1126/science.1529341
Schreibelt, 2007, Reactive oxygen species alter brain endothelial tight junction dynamics via RhoA, PI3 kinase, and PKB signaling, FASEB J., 21, 3666, 10.1096/fj.07-8329com
Schreibelt, 2006, Lipoic acid affects cellular migration into the central nervous system and stabilizes blood–brain barrier integrity, J. Immunol., 177, 2630, 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2630
Schreibelt, 2007, Therapeutic potential and biological role of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in multiple sclerosis pathology, Brain Res. Rev., 56, 322, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.005
Schreibelt, 2008, Protective effects of peroxiredoxin-1 at the injured blood–brain barrier, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 45, 256, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.024
Schulz, 2005, The circumventricular organs participate in the immunopathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Cerebrospinal. Fluid Res, 2, 8, 10.1186/1743-8454-2-8
Schulze, 1993, Immunohistochemical localization of adherens junction components in blood–brain barrier microvessels of the rat, J. Cell Sci., 104, 773, 10.1242/jcs.104.3.773
Segal, 1993, Extracellular and cerebrospinal fluids, J. Inherit. Metab. Dis., 16, 617, 10.1007/BF00711896
Shamri, 2005, Lymphocyte arrest requires instantaneous induction of an extended LFA-1 conformation mediated by endothelium-bound chemokines, Nat. Immunol., 6, 497, 10.1038/ni1194
Sharief, 1993, Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis. Correlation with TNF-alpha and blood–brain barrier damage, J. Neuroimmunol., 43, 15, 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90070-F
Shaw, 1995, Measurement of immune markers in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients during clinical remission, J. Neurol., 242, 53, 10.1007/BF00887815
Shin, 1995, The subarachnoid space as a site for precursor T cell proliferation and effector T cell selection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 56, 171, 10.1016/0165-5728(94)00144-D
Sixt, 2001, Endothelial cell laminin isoforms, laminins 8 and 10, play decisive roles in T cell recruitment across the blood–brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Cell Biol., 153, 933, 10.1083/jcb.153.5.933
Sobel, 1990, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cellular immune reactions in the human central nervous system, Am. J. Pathol., 136, 1309
Soilu-Hanninen, 2005, Hyaluronate receptor (CD44) and integrin alpha4 (CD49d) are up-regulated on T cells during MS relapses, J. Neuroimmunol., 166, 189, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.05.008
Sonobe, 2009, Interleukin-25 expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells maintains blood–brain barrier function in a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent manner, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 31834, 10.1074/jbc.M109.025940
Sozen, 2009, Role of interleukin-1beta in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice, Stroke, 40, 2519, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.549592
Stamatovic, 2006, Inflammation and brain edema: new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors, Acta Neurochir. Suppl., 96, 444, 10.1007/3-211-30714-1_91
Stamatovic, 2009, Caveolae-mediated internalization of occludin and claudin-5 during CCL2-induced tight junction remodeling in brain endothelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 19053, 10.1074/jbc.M109.000521
Stamatovic, 2005, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulation of blood–brain barrier permeability, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 25, 593, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600055
Stefanidakis, 2008, Endothelial CD47 interaction with SIRPgamma is required for human T-cell transendothelial migration under shear flow conditions in vitro, Blood, 112, 1280, 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134429
Steffen, 1996, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MAdCAM-1 are expressed on choroid plexus epithelium but not endothelium and mediate binding of lymphocytes in vitro, Am. J. Pathol., 148, 1819
Steinman, 2005, Blocking adhesion molecules as therapy for multiple sclerosis: natalizumab, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 4, 510, 10.1038/nrd1752
Tao-Cheng, 1988, Development of membrane interactions between brain endothelial cells and astrocytes in vitro, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 6, 25, 10.1016/0736-5748(88)90026-3
Trapp, 2008, Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 31, 247, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313
Vajkoczy, 2001, Alpha4-integrin-VCAM-1 binding mediates G protein-independent capture of encephalitogenic T cell blasts to CNS white matter microvessels, J. Clin. Invest., 108, 557, 10.1172/JCI12440
van Horssen, 2006, Extensive extracellular matrix depositions in active multiple sclerosis lesions, Neurobiol. Dis., 24, 484, 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.005
van Horssen, 2007, The extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis pathology, J. Neurochem., 103, 1293, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04897.x
Van Itallie, 2004, The role of claudins in determining paracellular charge selectivity, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 1, 38, 10.1513/pats.2306013
van der Valk, 2009, Preactive lesions in multiple sclerosis, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 22, 207, 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32832b4c76
Verbeek, 1995, T lymphocyte adhesion to human brain pericytes is mediated via very late antigen-4/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 interactions, J. Immunol., 154, 5876, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.5876
Vercellino, 2008, Involvement of the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis autoimmune inflammation: a neuropathological study, J. Neuroimmunol., 199, 133, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035
Vorbrodt, 2003, Molecular anatomy of intercellular junctions in brain endothelial and epithelial barriers: electron microscopist's view, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 42, 221, 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00177-2
Wachtel, 1999, Occludin proteolysis and increased permeability in endothelial cells through tyrosine phosphatase inhibition, J. Cell Sci., 112, 4347, 10.1242/jcs.112.23.4347
Washington, 1994, Expression of immunologically relevant endothelial cell activation antigens on isolated central nervous system microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 35, 89, 10.1002/ana.410350114
Waubant, 2006, Biomarkers indicative of blood–brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis, Dis. Markers, 22, 235, 10.1155/2006/709869
Weis, 2006, Re-solving the cadherin–catenin–actin conundrum, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 35593, 10.1074/jbc.R600027200
Wojciak-Stothard, 1998, Regulation of TNF-alpha-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell–cell junctions by Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 in human endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 176, 150, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199807)176:1<150::AID-JCP17>3.0.CO;2-B
Wojciak-Stothard, 2001, Rho and Rac but not Cdc42 regulate endothelial cell permeability, J. Cell Sci., 114, 1343, 10.1242/jcs.114.7.1343
Wolburg, 2002, Tight junctions of the blood–brain barrier: development, composition and regulation, Vascul. Pharmacol., 38, 323, 10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00200-8
Wolburg, 2010, Choroid plexus: biology and pathology, Acta Neuropathol., 119, 75, 10.1007/s00401-009-0627-8
Wong, 1992, Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in primary cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide, J. Neuroimmunol., 39, 11, 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90170-P
Wong, 1999, In vitro adhesion and migration of T lymphocytes across monolayers of human brain microvessel endothelial cells: regulation by ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and PECAM-1, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 58, 138, 10.1097/00005072-199902000-00004
Wong, 1999, Cadherin-5 redistribution at sites of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma-induced permeability in mesenteric venules, Am. J. Physiol., 276, H736
Wosik, 2007, Angiotensin II controls occludin function and is required for blood brain barrier maintenance: relevance to multiple sclerosis, J. Neurosci., 27, 9032, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2088-07.2007
Wu, 2009, Endothelial basement membrane laminin alpha5 selectively inhibits T lymphocyte extravasation into the brain, Nat. Med., 15, 519, 10.1038/nm.1957
Yamao, 2002, Negative regulation of platelet clearance and of the macrophage phagocytic response by the transmembrane glycoprotein SHPS-1, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 39833, 10.1074/jbc.M203287200
Yang, 2007, Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated disruption of tight junction proteins in cerebral vessels is reversed by synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor in focal ischemia in rat, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 27, 697, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600375
Yong, 1998, Interferon beta in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of action, Neurology, 51, 682, 10.1212/WNL.51.3.682
Youakim, 1999, Interferon-gamma decreases barrier function in T84 cells by reducing ZO-1 levels and disrupting apical actin, Am. J. Physiol., 276, G1279
Zhadanov, 1999, Absence of the tight junctional protein AF-6 disrupts epithelial cell–cell junctions and cell polarity during mouse development, Curr. Biol., 9, 880, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80392-3
Zlokovic, 2008, The blood–brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, Neuron, 57, 178, 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003