Guidelines on Testicular Cancer: 2015 Update

European Urology - Tập 68 Số 6 - Trang 1054-1068 - 2015
Peter Albers1, Walter Albrecht2, Ferrán Algaba3, Carsten Bokemeyer4, Gabriella Cohn‐Cedermark5, Karim Fizazi6, A Horwich7, M. Pilar Laguna8, Nicola Nicolai9, Jan Oldenburg10
1Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf, Germany
2Department of Urology, Mistelbach, Austria
3Fundacio Puigvert
4Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, Universitätskliniken Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
5Karolinska Institutet
6Universite Paris Sud
7Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
8University of Amsterdam#N#
9Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
10Health Sciences, Høgskolen i Buskerud og Vestfold, Kongsberg, Norway

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Hoffmann, 2014, Innovations in health care and mortality trends from five cancers in seven European countries between 1970 and 2005, Int J Public Health, 59, 341, 10.1007/s00038-013-0507-9

Jones, 1999, Is surveillance for stage 1 germ cell tumours of the testis appropriate outside a specialist centre?, BJU Int, 84, 79, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00058.x

Collette, 1999, Impact of the treating institution on survival of patients with “poor-prognosis” metastatic nonseminoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 839, 10.1093/jnci/91.10.839

Capitanio, 2009, Population-based study of perioperative mortality after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors, Urology, 74, 373, 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.085

Flechon, 2010, Long-term oncological outcome after post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in men with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumour, BJU Int, 106, 779, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09175.x

Zengerling, 2014, German second-opinion network for testicular cancer: sealing the leaky pipe between evidence and clinical practice, Oncol Rep, 31, 2477, 10.3892/or.2014.3153

Albers, 2011, EAU Guidelines on testicular cancer: 2011 update, Eur Urol, 60, 304, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.05.038

Howick, 2009

2009, 249

Mead, 1997, The International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a new prognostic factor-based staging classification for metastatic germ cell tumours, Clin Oncol, 9, 207, 10.1016/S0936-6555(97)80001-5

Dieckmann, 1996, Prevalence of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with testicular germ cell neoplasms, J Clin Oncol, 14, 3126, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.12.3126

von der Maase, 1986, Carcinoma in situ of contralateral testis in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: study of 27 cases in 500 patients, BMJ, 293, 1398, 10.1136/bmj.293.6559.1398

Harland, 1998, Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining a high risk group, J Urol, 160, 1353, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62535-7

Dieckmann, 2007, Diagnosis of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: systematic two-site biopsies are more sensitive than a single random biopsy, Eur Urol, 51, 175, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.051

Classen, 2003, Radiotherapy with 16Gy may fail to eradicate testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary communication of a dose-reduction trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group, Br J Cancer, 88, 828, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600771

Petersen, 2002, Effect of graded testicular doses of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma-in-situ in the testis, J Clin Oncol, 20, 1537, 10.1200/JCO.20.6.1537

Heidenreich, 1997, Testis-preserving surgery in bilateral testicular germ cell tumours, Br J Urol, 79, 253, 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.33418.x

Aparicio, 2005, Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I seminoma: the Second Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group study, J Clin Oncol, 23, 8717, 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.9810

Albers, 2003, Risk factors for relapse in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors: results of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group trial, J Clin Oncol, 21, 1505, 10.1200/JCO.2003.07.169

Aparicio, 2014, Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma: a new nomogram derived from three consecutive, risk-adapted studies from the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group (SGCCG), Ann Oncol, 25, 2173, 10.1093/annonc/mdu437

Tandstad, 2011, Management of seminomatous testicular cancer: a binational prospective population-based study from the Swedish Norwegian Testicular Cancer Study Group, J Clin Oncol, 29, 719, 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1044

Aparicio, 2003, Multicenter study evaluating a dual policy of postorchiectomy surveillance and selective adjuvant single-agent carboplatin for patients with clinical stage I seminoma, Ann Oncol, 14, 867, 10.1093/annonc/mdg241

Oliver, 2011, Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214), J Clin Oncol, 29, 957, 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.4655

Oliver, 2005, Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomised trial, Lancet, 366, 293, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66984-X

Mead, 2011, Randomized trials in 2466 patients with stage I seminoma: patterns of relapse and follow-up, J Natl Cancer Inst, 103, 241, 10.1093/jnci/djq525

Schoffski, 2007, J Clin Oncol, 25, 5050, 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.5050

Fossa, 1999, Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: a Medical Research Council randomized trial, J Clin Oncol, 17, 1146, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.4.1146

Jones, 2001, A randomized trial of two radiotherapy schedules in the adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma (MRC TE 18), Eur J Cancer, 37, 572, 10.1016/S0959-8049(01)81064-9

Melchior, 2001, Long term results and morbidity of paraaortic compared with paraaortic and iliac adjuvant radiation in clinical stage I seminoma, Anticancer Res, 21, 2989

van den Belt-Dusebout, 2007, Treatment-specific risks of second malignancies and cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivors of testicular cancer, J Clin Oncol, 25, 4370, 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.5296

Horwich, 2014, Second cancer risk and mortality in men treated with radiotherapy for stage I seminoma, Br J Cancer, 110, 256, 10.1038/bjc.2013.551

Aparicio, 2011, Risk-adapted treatment in clinical stage I testicular seminoma: the third Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group study, J Clin Oncol, 29, 4677, 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.0503

Freedman, 1987, Histopathology in the prediction of relapse of patients with stage I testicular teratoma treated by orchidectomy alone, Lancet, 2, 294, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90889-0

Read, 1992, Medical Research Council prospective study of surveillance for stage I testicular teratoma, J Clin Oncol, 10, 1762, 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.11.1762

Daugaard, 2011, Ann Oncol, 22, 1054, 10.1093/annonc/mdq575

Kollmannsberger, 2015, Patterns of relapse in patients with clinical stage I testicular cancer managed with active surveillance, J Clin Oncol, 33, 51, 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2116

Kollmannsberger, 2010, Non-risk-adapted surveillance for patients with stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumors: diminishing treatment-related morbidity while maintaining efficacy, Ann Oncol, 21, 1296, 10.1093/annonc/mdp473

Nichols, 2013, Active surveillance is the preferred approach to clinical stage I testicular cancer, J Clin Oncol, 31, 3490, 10.1200/JCO.2012.47.6010

Cullen, 1996, Short-course adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: a Medical Research Council report, J Clin Oncol, 14, 1106, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.4.1106

Pont, 1996, Adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell cancer: long-term results of a prospective trial, J Clin Oncol, 14, 441, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.2.441

Bohlen, 2001, Fertility and sexual function following orchiectomy and 2 cycles of chemotherapy for stage I high risk nonseminomatous germ cell cancer, J Urol, 165, 441, 10.1097/00005392-200102000-00022

Huddart, 2003, Cardiovascular disease as a long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer, J Clin Oncol, 21, 1513, 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.173

Albers, 2008, J Clin Oncol, 26, 2966, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0899

Tandstad, 2009, Risk-adapted treatment in clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: the SWENOTECA management program, J Clin Oncol, 27, 2122, 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8953

Tandstad, 2014, One course of adjuvant BEP in clinical stage I nonseminoma mature and expanded results from the SWENOTECA group, Ann Oncol, 25, 2167, 10.1093/annonc/mdu375

Maroto, 2005, Multicentre risk-adapted management for stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours, Ann Oncol, 16, 1915, 10.1093/annonc/mdi397

Tandstad, 2010, Long-term follow-up after risk-adapted treatment in clinical stage 1 (CS1) nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer (NSGCT) implementing adjuvant CVB chemotherapy. A SWENOTECA study, Ann Oncol, 21, 1858, 10.1093/annonc/mdq026

Heidenreich, 2003, Complications of primary nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: experience of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group, J Urol, 169, 1710, 10.1097/01.ju.0000060960.18092.54

Neyer, 2007, Long-term results of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer, J Endourol, 21, 180, 10.1089/end.2006.0233

Lorch, 2010, Prognostic factors in patients with metastatic germ cell tumors who experienced treatment failure with cisplatin-based first-line chemotherapy, J Clin Oncol, 28, 4906, 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.8128

Classen, 2003, Radiotherapy for stages IIA/B testicular seminoma: final report of a prospective multicenter clinical trial, J Clin Oncol, 21, 1101, 10.1200/JCO.2003.06.065

Chung, 2004, Stage II testicular seminoma: patterns of recurrence and outcome of treatment, Eur Urol, 45, 754, 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.01.020

Horwich, 2013, Neoadjuvant carboplatin before radiotherapy in stage IIA and IIB seminoma, Ann Oncol, 24, 2104, 10.1093/annonc/mdt148

Krege, 2006, Single agent carboplatin for CS IIA/B testicular seminoma. A phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG), Ann Oncol, 17, 276, 10.1093/annonc/mdj039

Stephenson, 2007, Nonrandomized comparison of primary chemotherapy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage IIA and IIB nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer, J Clin Oncol, 25, 5597, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0808

Weissbach, 2000, RPLND or primary chemotherapy in clinical stage IIA/B nonseminomatous germ cell tumors? Results of a prospective multicenter trial including quality of life assessment, Eur Urol, 37, 582, 10.1159/000020197

Horwich, 1994, Primary chemotherapy for stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis, J Urol, 151, 72, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)34874-7

Donohue, 1995, The role of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in clinical stage B testis cancer: the Indiana University experience (1965 to 1989), J Urol, 153, 85, 10.1097/00005392-199501000-00030

Bokemeyer, 2004, Metastatic seminoma treated with either single agent carboplatin or cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials, Br J Cancer, 91, 683, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602020

Fizazi, 2014, A risk-adapted study of cisplatin and etoposide, with or without ifosfamide, in patients with metastatic seminoma: results of the GETUG S99 multicenter prospective study, Eur Urol, 65, 381, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.004

de Wit, 2001, J Clin Oncol, 19, 1629, 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.6.1629

de Wit, 2012, Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel-bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) to standard BEP in intermediate-prognosis germ-cell cancer: intergroup study EORTC 30983, J Clin Oncol, 30, 792, 10.1200/JCO.2011.37.0171

Motzer, 2007, Phase III randomized trial of conventional-dose chemotherapy with or without high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue as first-line treatment for patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell tumors, J Clin Oncol, 25, 247, 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4528

Droz, 2007, Failure of high-dose cyclophosphamide and etoposide combined with double-dose cisplatin and bone marrow support in patients with high-volume metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumours: mature results of a randomised trial, Eur Urol, 51, 739, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.035

Fizazi, 2014, Personalised chemotherapy based on tumour marker decline in poor prognosis germ-cell tumours (GETUG 13): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised trial, Lancet Oncol, 15, 1442, 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70490-5

Olofsson, 2011, Population-based study of treatment guided by tumor marker decline in patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: a report from the Swedish-Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group, J Clin Oncol, 29, 2032, 10.1200/JCO.2010.29.1278

Bokemeyer, 1999, First-line high-dose chemotherapy compared with standard-dose PEB/VIP chemotherapy in patients with advanced germ cell tumors: A multivariate and matched-pair analysis, J Clin Oncol, 17, 3450, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3450

Thibault, 2014, Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours, Eur J Cancer, 50, 1284, 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.026

Massard, 2010, Poor prognosis nonseminomatous germ-cell tumours (NSGCTs): should chemotherapy doses be reduced at first cycle to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple lung metastases?, Ann Oncol, 21, 1585, 10.1093/annonc/mdq021

Gillessen, 2010, Low-dose induction chemotherapy with Baby-BOP in patients with metastatic germ-cell tumours does not compromise outcome: a single-centre experience, Ann Oncol, 21, 1589, 10.1093/annonc/mdq019

De Santis, 2004, 2-18Fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial, J Clin Oncol, 22, 1034, 10.1200/JCO.2004.07.188

Carver, 2007, Improved clinical outcome in recent years for men with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, J Clin Oncol, 25, 5603, 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.6283

Oechsle, 2008, [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors after chemotherapy: the German multicenter positron emission tomography study group, J Clin Oncol, 26, 5930, 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.1157

Kollmannsberger, 2010, Management of disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors with risk-based chemotherapy followed by response-guided postchemotherapy surgery, J Clin Oncol, 28, 537, 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.0755

Ehrlich, 2010, Long-term follow-up of Cisplatin combination chemotherapy in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: is a postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection needed after complete remission?, J Clin Oncol, 28, 531, 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.0714

Steyerberg, 1999, Prediction models for the histology of residual masses after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. ReHiT Study Group, Int J Cancer, 83, 856, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991210)83:6<856::AID-IJC31>3.0.CO;2-L

Carver, 2007, Long-term clinical outcome after postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in men with residual teratoma, J Clin Oncol, 25, 1033, 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4791

Oldenburg, 2003, Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal surgery remains necessary in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and minimal residual tumor masses, J Clin Oncol, 21, 3310, 10.1200/JCO.2003.03.184

Baniel, 1995, Complications of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, J Urol, 153, 976, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67616-X

Fizazi, 2008, Assessing prognosis and optimizing treatment in patients with postchemotherapy viable nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT): results of the sCR2 international study, Ann Oncol, 19, 259, 10.1093/annonc/mdm472

Heidenreich, 2009, Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in advanced testicular cancer: radical or modified template resection, Eur Urol, 55, 217, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.09.027

Beck, 2007, Is full bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection always necessary for postchemotherapy residual tumor?, Cancer, 110, 1235, 10.1002/cncr.22898

Calestroupat, 2009, Postchemotherapy laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in nonseminomatous germ-cell tumor, J Endourol, 23, 645, 10.1089/end.2008.0423

Busch, 2012, Laparoscopic and open postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in patients with advanced testicular cancer—a single center analysis, BMC Urol, 12, 15, 10.1186/1471-2490-12-15

Arai, 2012, Extraperitoneal laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy for nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumor: surgical and oncological outcomes, Int Urol Nephrol, 44, 1389, 10.1007/s11255-012-0195-z

Besse, 2009, Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: assessing the need for postchemotherapy contralateral pulmonary resection in patients with ipsilateral complete necrosis, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 137, 448, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.09.032

Schirren, 2012, The role of residual tumor resection in the management of nonseminomatous germ cell cancer of testicular origin, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 60, 405, 10.1055/s-0031-1299584

Ehrlich, 2009, Vena caval reconstruction during postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic germ cell tumor, Urology, 73, 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.054

Beck, 2001, Aortic replacement during post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, J Urol, 165, 1517, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66340-9

Winter, 2012, Residual tumor size and IGCCCG risk classification predict additional vascular procedures in patients with germ cell tumors and residual tumor resection: a multicenter analysis of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group, Eur Urol, 61, 403, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.045

Oechsle, 2011, Long-term survival after treatment with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with and without paclitaxel plus secondary surgery in patients with cisplatin-refractory and/or multiply relapsed germ cell tumors, Eur Urol, 60, 850, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.019

Nicolai, 2009, Long-term results of a combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin and gemcitabine for salvage therapy in male germ-cell tumours, BJU Int, 104, 340, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08453.x

Fizazi, 2014, Combining gemcitabine, cisplatin, and ifosfamide (GIP) is active in patients with relapsed metastatic germ-cell tumors (GCT): a prospective multicenter GETUG phase II trial, Ann Oncol, 25, 987, 10.1093/annonc/mdu099

Lorch, 2007, Single versus sequential high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors: a prospective randomized multicenter trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group, J Clin Oncol, 25, 2778, 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.2148

Oechsle, 2010, Patterns of relapse after chemotherapy in patients with high-risk non-seminomatous germ cell tumor, Oncology, 78, 47, 10.1159/000292358

Lorch, 2012, Sequential versus single high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial, J Clin Oncol, 30, 800, 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.6391

Oldenburg, 2006, Late relapses of germ cell malignancies: incidence, management, and prognosis, J Clin Oncol, 24, 5503, 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.1836

Beyer, 2013, Maintaining success, reducing treatment burden, focusing on survivorship: highlights from the third European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ-cell cancer, Ann Oncol, 24, 878, 10.1093/annonc/mds579

Baniel, 1995, Late relapse of testicular cancer, J Clin Oncol, 13, 1170, 10.1200/JCO.1995.13.5.1170

George, 2003, Update on late relapse of germ cell tumor: a clinical and molecular analysis, J Clin Oncol, 21, 113, 10.1200/JCO.2003.03.019

Oldenburg, 2006, Late recurrences of germ cell malignancies: a population-based experience over three decades, Br J Cancer, 94, 820, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603014

Lipphardt, 2004, Late relapse of testicular cancer, World J Urol, 22, 47, 10.1007/s00345-004-0397-9

Gels, 1995, Detection of recurrence in patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors and consequences for further follow-up: a single-center 10-year experience, J Clin Oncol, 13, 1188, 10.1200/JCO.1995.13.5.1188