Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

Abramson, 1978, Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49, 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49 Andreasen, 1991, Schizophrenia: The characteristic symptoms, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 27, 10.1093/schbul/17.1.27 Arndt, 1995, A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: Prediction and patterns of change, Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 352, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170026004 Aron, 2005, Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love, Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 327, 10.1152/jn.00838.2004 Baer, 2006, Overview of mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatment approaches, 1 Baron, 1976, The reduction of human aggression: A field study of the influence of incompatible reactions, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 260, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01330.x Bateson, 1972 Baumeister, 2001, Bad is stronger than good, Review of General Psychology, 5, 323, 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 Berridge, 2007, The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 191, 391, 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x Bishop, 2004, Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230, 10.1093/clipsy/bph077 Bleuler, 1908 Block, 1996, IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349, 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349 Bowie, 2006, Determinants of real-world functional performance in schizophrenia subjects: Correlations with cognition, functional capacity, and symptoms, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 418, 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.418 Bowie, 2006, Determinants of real-world functional performance in schizophrenia subjects: Correlations with cognition, functional capacity, and symptoms, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 418, 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.418 Brefczynski-Lewis, 2007, Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 11483, 10.1073/pnas.0606552104 Brewin, 2009, Imagery rescripting as a brief stand-alone treatment for depressed patient with intrusive memories, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 569, 10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.008 Brewin, 2010, Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications, Psychological Review, 117, 210, 10.1037/a0018113 Brosschot, 2006, The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 Brown, 2007, Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects, Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211, 10.1080/10478400701598298 Buchanan, 2007, Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An overview, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1013, 10.1093/schbul/sbl057 Burns, 2008, Upward spirals of positive emotion and coping: Replication, extension, and initial exploration of neurochemical substrates, Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 360, 10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.015 Cabanac, 1971, Physiological role of pleasure, Science, 173, 1103, 10.1126/science.173.4002.1103 Cacioppo, 1999, The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839, 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839 Calabrese, 2009, Neuronal plasticity: A link between stress and mood disorders, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, S208, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.014 Carlson, 2006, Neural circuitry and neuroplasticity in mood disorders: Insights for novel therapeutic targets, NeuroRx, 3, 22, 10.1016/j.nurx.2005.12.009 Carney, 2000, Change in heart rate and heart rate variability during treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease, Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 639, 10.1097/00006842-200009000-00007 Carter, 2005, Meditation alters perceptual rivalry in Tibetan Buddhist monks, Current Biology, 15, R412, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.043 Carver, 1993, How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375, 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.375 Chambers, 2009, Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review, Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560, 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005 Chang, 2008, The effect of t'ai chi exercise on autonomic nervous function of patients with coronary artery disease, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14, 1107, 10.1089/acm.2008.0166 Cohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-termpositive behavior change. Manuscript under review. Cohn, 2009, Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience, Emotion, 9, 361, 10.1037/a0015952 Critchley, 2009, Psychophysiology of neural, cognitive and affective integration: fMRI and autonomic indicants, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73, 88, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.012 Damasio, 2000, Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions, Nature, 3, 1049 Davidson, 1992, Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion, Brain and Cognition, 20, 125, 10.1016/0278-2626(92)90065-T Davidson, 1998, Anterior electrophysiological asymmetries, emotion, and depression: Conceptual and methodological conundrums, Psychophysiology, 35, 607, 10.1017/S0048577298000134 Davidson, 2000, Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: brain mechanisms and plasticity, American Psychologist, 55, 1196, 10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1196 Davidson, 2002, Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala, Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01328-2 Davidson, 2004, Well-being and affective style: neural substrates and biobehavioural correlates, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biol Sci, 359, 1395, 10.1098/rstb.2004.1510 Davidson, 2004, What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research, Biological Psychology, 67, 219, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.008 Davidson, 2000, Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 890, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890 Davidson, 2003, Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation, Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3 Davidson, 2000, Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation — A possible prelude to violence, Science, 289, 591, 10.1126/science.289.5479.591 de Lange, 2008, Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, Brain, 131, 2172, 10.1093/brain/awn140 Diener, 1996, Most people are happy, Psychological science, 181, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00354.x Diener, 2006, Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being, American Psychologist, 61, 305, 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.305 Draganski, 2004, Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training, Nature, 427, 311, 10.1038/427311a Dunn, 2005, Feeling and believing: The influence of emotion on trust, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 736, 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.736 Elbert, 1995, Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players, Science, 270, 305, 10.1126/science.270.5234.305 Fenton, 1991, Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes: II. Positive and negative symptoms and long-term course, Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 978, 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810350018003 Folkman, 2000, Positive affect and the other side of coping, American Psychologist, 55, 647, 10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.647 Francis, 1999, Maternal care, gene expression, and the development of individual differences in stress reactivity, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 66, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08106.x Fredrickson, 1998, What good are positive emotions?, Review of General Psychology, 2, 300, 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 Fredrickson, 2003, The value of positive emotions: The emerging science of positive psychology is coming to understand why it's good to feel good, American Scientist, 91, 330, 10.1511/2003.4.330 Fredrickson, 2009 Fredrickson, 2005, Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought–action repertoires, Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313, 10.1080/02699930441000238 Fredrickson, 2008, Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045, 10.1037/a0013262 Fredrickson, 2002, Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being, Psychological Science, 13, 172, 10.1111/1467-9280.00431 Fredrickson, 1998, Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions, Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191, 10.1080/026999398379718 Fredrickson, 2005, Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing, American Psychologist, 60, 678, 10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678 Fredrickson, 2000, The undoing effect of positive emotions, Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237, 10.1023/A:1010796329158 Fredrickson, 2003, What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365, 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365 Frewen, 2008, Neuroimaging studies of psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders: Empirical and methodological review, Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 228, 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.002 Frijda, 1988, The laws of emotion, American Psychologist, 43, 349, 10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349 Gable, 2006, Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 904, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.904 Gable, 2000, Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1135, 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1135 Garakani, 2009, Effect of medication and psychotherapy on heart rate variability in panic disorder, Depression and Anxiety, 26, 251, 10.1002/da.20533 Gard, 2007, Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, Schizophrenia Research, 93, 253, 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008 Garland, 2007, The meaning of mindfulness: A second-order cybernetics of stress, metacognition, and coping, Complementary Health Practice Review, 12, 15, 10.1177/1533210107301740 Garland, 2009, The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal, Explore (NY), 5, 37, 10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.001 Garland, 2009, Neuroplasticity, psychosocial genomics, and the biopsychosocial paradigm in the 21st century, Health and Social Work, 34, 10.1093/hsw/34.3.191 Garland, 2010, Mindfulness training modifies cognitive, affective, and physiological mechanisms implicated in alcohol dependence: Results from a randomized controlled pilot trial, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42, 177, 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400690 Gelber, 2004, Symptom and demographic profiles in first-episode schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 67, 185, 10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00083-5 Gorman, 1996, Comorbid depression and anxiety spectrum disorders, Depression and Anxiety, 4, 160, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1996)4:4<160::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-J Gottman, 1994 Gur, 1998, A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures, Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 145, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.145 Heerey, 2007, Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate dissociation between affective experience and motivated behavior, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 268, 10.1037/0021-843X.116.2.268 Heiman, 1998, Empirically validated treatments for sexual dysfunction, 148 Hemenover, 2003, Individual differences in rate of affect change: Studies in affective chronometry, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 121, 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.121 Herbener, 2002, The course of anhedonia during 10years of schizophrenic illness, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 237, 10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.237 Herbener, 2008, Emotional memory in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 875, 10.1093/schbul/sbn081 Hercher, 2009, Through the looking glass: Examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 947, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.006 Himelein, 1996, Resilient child sexual abuse survivors: Cognitive coping and illusion, Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 747, 10.1016/0145-2134(96)00062-2 Holmes, 2009, Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 773, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005 Holmes, 2005, Intrusive images and “hotspots” of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 3, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.002 Holmes, 2005, Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship?, Emotion, 5, 489, 10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489 Holmes, 2006, Positive interpretation training: Effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood, Behavior Therapy, 37, 237, 10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002 Holmes, 2009, Developing interpretation bias modification as a “cognitive vaccine” for depressed mood: Imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 76, 10.1037/a0012590 Hölzel, 2010, Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 11, 10.1093/scan/nsp034 Holzel, 2008, Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 55, 10.1093/scan/nsm038 Hutcherson, 2008, Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness, Emotion, 8, 720, 10.1037/a0013237 Isen, 1987, Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving, Journal of personality and social psychology, 52, 1122, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122 Jenkins, 1990, Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation, Journal of Neurophysiology, 63, 82, 10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.82 Jha, 2007, Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention, Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109, 10.3758/CABN.7.2.109 Johnson, 2009, Loving-kindness meditation to enhance recovery from negative symptoms of schizophrenia, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 499, 10.1002/jclp.20591 Johnson, D. P., Penn, D. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Kring, A. M., Meyer, P. S., & Brantley, M. (2010). A pilot study of loving-kindness meditation for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Manuscript under review. Johnson, 2005, We all look the same to me: Positive emotions eliminate the own-race bias in face recognition, Psychological Science, 16, 875, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01631.x Joormann, 2007, Mood regulation in depression: Differential effects of distraction and recall of happy memories on sad mood, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 484, 10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.484 Juckel, 2006, Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia, Neuroimage, 29, 409, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.051 Kabat-Zinn, 1982, An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical consideratoins and preliminary results, General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33, 10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 Kabat-Zinn, 2003, Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future, Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 10, 144, 10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 Kahn, 1993, The influence of positive affect on variety seeking among safe, enjoyable products, Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 257, 10.1086/209347 Kashdan, 2008, Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219, 10.1080/17439760802303044 Keeney, 1983 Kendler, 1992, Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments?, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 716, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090044008 Kendler, 2000, Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the “kindling” hypothesis, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1243, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1243 Kessing, 1998, Predictors of recurrence in affective disorder. A case register study, Journal of Affective Disorders, 49, 101, 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00163-8 Kessler, 2005, Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Achives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 Keyes, 2002, The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207, 10.2307/3090197 Kirkpatrick, 2001, A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia, Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 165, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.2.165 Kirkpatrick, 2006, The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 214, 10.1093/schbul/sbj053 Koch, 2009, Changes in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF plasma levels during psychotherapy of depression, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 187, 10.1159/000209350 Kok, B. E., Pek, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by tonic vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connections. Manuscript under review. Koob, 2005, Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 1442, 10.1038/nn1105-1442 Koole, 1999, The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 111, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.111 Kopelowicz, 1998, Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia, 190 Kosslyn, 2001, Neural foundations of imagery, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 635, 10.1038/35090055 Kraepelin, 1919 Kring, 1999, Emotion in schizophrenia: Old mystery, new understanding, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 160, 10.1111/1467-8721.00038 Kring, 2008, Emotional response deficits in schizophrenia: Insights from affective science, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 819, 10.1093/schbul/sbn071 Lane, 2009, Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion, Neuroimage, 44, 213, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056 Larsen, 2008, Regulation of emotional well-being: Overcoming the hedonic treadmill, 258 Lazar, 2005, Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness, Neuroreport, 16, 1893, 10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19 Lazarus, 1991 Lazarus, 1999 Lazarus, 1984 LeBel, 2001, The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli LeDoux, 2002 Leonardo, 2006, Genetics of affective and anxiety disorders, Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 117, 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190118 Lerner, 2000, Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice, Cognition and Emotion, 14, 473, 10.1080/026999300402763 Liu, 2000, Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats, Nature Neuroscience, 3, 799, 10.1038/77702 Liu, 1997, Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal responses to stress, Science, 277, 1659, 10.1126/science.277.5332.1659 Losada, 1999, The complex dynamics of high performance teams, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 30, 179, 10.1016/S0895-7177(99)00189-2 Losada, 2004, The role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams: A nonlinear dynamics model, American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740, 10.1177/0002764203260208 Luders, 2009, The underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation: Larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter, Neuroimage, 45, 672, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.061 Lutz, 2008, Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise, PLoS One, 3, e1897, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001897 Lutz, 2004, Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 16369, 10.1073/pnas.0407401101 Lutz, 2008, Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005 Lyubomirsky, 2005, Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change, Review of General Psychology, 9, 111, 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111 MacLeod, 1986, Attentional biases in emotional disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15, 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15 Maguire, 2000, Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, 4398, 10.1073/pnas.070039597 Major, 1998, Personal resilience, cognitive appraisals, and coping: An integrative model of adjustment to abortion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 735, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.735 Masters, 1970 Mathews, 2005, Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916 Mathews, 2007, Inducing a benign interpretational bias reduces trait anxiety, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 225, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.011 McEwen, 2001, From molecules to mind. Stress, individual differences, and the social environment, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935, 42, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03469.x McEwen, 2003, Mood disorders and allostatic load, Biological Psychiatry, 54, 200, 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00177-X McEwen, 2007, Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain, Physiological Reviews, 87, 873, 10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 McEwen, 2003, The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine, Hormones and Behavior, 43, 2, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00024-7 Milev, 2005, Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 495, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.495 Mineka, 2002, Cognitive biases in emotional disorders: Information processing and social-cognitive perspectives, 976 Miron, 1989, Effects of attention on the intensity and unpleasantness of thermal pain, Pain, 39, 345, 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90048-1 Mitchell, 2007, The psychological, neurochemical, and functional neuroanatomical mediators of the effects positive and negative mood on executive functions, Neuropsychologia, 45, 617, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.030 Mundkur, 2005, Neuroplasticity in children, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 855, 10.1007/BF02731115 Nelson, 1977, Irrational beliefs in depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 1190, 10.1037/0022-006X.45.6.1190 Nesse, 2000, Is depression an adaptation?, Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 14, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14 Newberg, 2003, The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: Neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations, Medical Hypotheses, 61, 282, 10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00175-0 Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000, The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504, 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504 Nudo, 1996, Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys, Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 785, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-02-00785.1996 Nyklíček, 2008, Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: Is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism?, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 331, 10.1007/s12160-008-9030-2 Ochsner, 2005, The cognitive control of emotion, Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 242, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 Ong, 2006, Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 730, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730 Orzech, 2009, Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 212, 10.1080/17439760902819394 Pascual-Leone, 2005, The plastic human brain cortex, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 377, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216 Pfohl, 1982, The evolution of symptoms in institutionalized hebephrenic/catatonic schizophrenics, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 567, 10.1192/bjp.141.6.567 Plotsky, 1998, Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 293, 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70006-X Post, 2007, Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31, 858, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.003 Raghunathan, 2002, Walking the tightrope between feeling good and being accurate: Mood as a resource in processing persuasive messages, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 510, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.510 Rainnie, 2004, Corticotrophin releasing factor-induced synaptic plasticity in the amygdala translates stress into emotional disorders, Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 3471, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5740-03.2004 Rauch, 2003, Neuroimaging studies of amygdala function in anxiety disorders, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 389, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07096.x Rozin, 2001, Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 296, 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2 Rowe, 2007, Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 383, 10.1073/pnas.0605198104 Roy, 1995, A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression, Psychological Medicine, 25, 1037, 10.1017/S0033291700037533 Rudd, 2001 Salzberg, 1997 Schmitz, 2009, Opposing influences of affective state valence on visual cortical encoding, Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7199, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5387-08.2009 Schroevers, 2009, Is learning mindfulness associated with improved affect after mindfulness-based cognitive therap, British Journal of Psychology Schwartz, 1997, Consider the simple screw: Cognitive science, quality improvement, and psychotherapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 970, 10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.970 Schwartz, 2002, Optimal and normal affect balance in psychotherapy of major depression: Evaluation of the balanced states of mind model, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 439, 10.1017/S1352465802004058 Segal, 2002 Segal, 1996, A cognitive science perspective on kindling and episode sensitization in recurrent affective disorder, Psychological Medicine, 26, 371, 10.1017/S0033291700034760 Seligman, 2006, Positive psychotherapy, American Psychologist, 61, 774, 10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774 Seligman, 2005, Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions, American Psychologist, 60, 410, 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410 Shapiro, 2006, Mechanisms of mindfulness, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373, 10.1002/jclp.20237 Shekhar, 2005, Role of stress, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and amygdala plasticity in chronic anxiety, Stress, 8, 209, 10.1080/10253890500504557 Slagter, 2007, Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources, PLoS Biology, 5, e138, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138 Slagter, 2009, Theta phase synchrony and conscious target perception: Impact of intensive mental training, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1536, 10.1162/jocn.2009.21125 Smith, 2006, Being bad isn't always good: Affective context moderates the attention bias toward negative information, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 210, 10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.210 Solomon, 1980, The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain, American Psychologist, 35, 691, 10.1037/0003-066X.35.8.691 Soto, 2009, Pleasant music overcomes the loss of awareness in patients with visual neglect, Proceedings of the National Academy Science USA, 106, 6011, 10.1073/pnas.0811681106 Stein, 1997, Appraisal and goal processes as predictors of psychological well-being in bereaved caregivers, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 872, 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.872 Sterling, 1988, Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology Talarico, 2004, Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience, Memory & Cognition, 32, 1118, 10.3758/BF03196886 Tang, 2009, Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 8865, 10.1073/pnas.0904031106 Tarrier, 2010, Broad minded affective coping (BMAC): A positive CBT approach to facilitating positive emotions, International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3, 65, 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.64 Teasdale, 1987, Cognitive vulnerability to depression: An investigation of two hypotheses, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 113, 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb00737.x Teasdale, 2002, Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275, 10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.275 Teasdale, 1995, How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?, Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7 Tek, 2001, A five-year followup study of deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 49, 253, 10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00146-8 Thayer, 2005, Psychosomatics and psychopathology: Looking up and down from the brain, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1050, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014 Tong, 2009, Appraisal underpinnings of affective chronometry: The role of appraisals in emotion habituation, Journal of Personality, 77, 1103, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00576.x Tugade, 2004, Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320, 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 Turlejski, 2002, Life-long stability of neurons: a century of research on neurogenesis, neuronal death and neuron quantification in adult CNS, Progress in Brain Research, 136, 39, 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)36006-0 Vestergaard-Poulsen, 2009, Long-term meditation is associated with increased gray matter density in the brain stem, Neuroreport, 20, 170, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328320012a Wadlinger, 2006, Positive mood broadens visual attention to positive stimuli, Motivation and Emotion, 30, 87, 10.1007/s11031-006-9021-1 Wadlinger, 2008, Looking happy: the experimental manipulation of a positive visual attention bias, Emotion, 8, 121, 10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.121 Wagman, 1987, Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: Neuropsychological evaluation, Psychiatry Research, 22, 319, 10.1016/0165-1781(87)90111-9 Walker, 1993, Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: Facial expressions of emotion, American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1654, 10.1176/ajp.150.11.1654 Wallace, 2006, Mental balance and well-being: Building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology, American Psychologist, 61, 690, 10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.690 Waugh, 2006, Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 93, 10.1080/17439760500510569 Waugh, 2008, Adapting to life's slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat, Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1031, 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005 Waugh, 2008, The neural correlates of trait resilience when anticipating and recovering from threat, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 322, 10.1093/scan/nsn024 Weinstein, 2009, A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being, Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 374, 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008 Williams, 1990, Dysfunctional attitudes and vulnerability to persistent depression, Psychological Medicine, 20, 375, 10.1017/S0033291700017694 Wolpe, 1958 Wood, 2009, Positive self-statements: Power to some, peril for others, Psychological Science, 20, 860, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02370.x World Health Organization, 1973 Wu, 2005, The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1122, 10.4088/JCP.v66n0906 Wu, 2008, Inward-attention meditation increases parasympathetic activity: A study based on heart rate variability, Biomedical Research, 29, 245, 10.2220/biomedres.29.245 Zautra, 2008, Comparison of cognitive behavior and mindfulness meditation interventions on adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis for patients with and without history of recurrent depression, Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 76, 408, 10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.408