The early Paleozoic development of bioturbation—Evolutionary and geobiological consequences

Aller, 1982, The effects of macrobenthos on chemical properties of marine sediment and overlying water, 53 Aller, 1984, The importance of relict burrow structures and burrow irrigation in controlling sedimentary solute distributions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1929, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90375-2 Aller, 1994, Bioturbation and remineralization of sedimentary organic matter: effects of redox oscillation, Chem. Geol., 114, 331, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90062-0 Allison, 1993, Exceptional fossil record: distribution of soft-tissue preservation through the Phanerozoic, Geology, 21, 527, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0527:EFRDOS>2.3.CO;2 Alpert, 1973, Bergaueria Prantl (Cambrian and Ordovician), a probably actinian trace fossil, J. Paleontol., 47, 919 Alpert, 1974, Systematic review of the genus Skolithos, J. Paleontol., 48, 661 Alpert, 1976, Trilobite and star-like trace fossils from the White-Inyo Mountains, California, J. Paleontol., 50, 226 Andersen, 1991, Effects of burrowing macrofauna on organic matter decomposition in coastal marine sediments, Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 63, 69 Andersen, 2014, A modern framework for the interpretation of 238U/235U in studies of ancient ocean redox, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 400, 184, 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.051 Ausich, 1982, Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic, Science, 216, 173, 10.1126/science.216.4542.173 Awramik, 1971, Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: reflection of metazoan appearance, Science, 174, 825, 10.1126/science.174.4011.825 Baldwin, 1977, Internal structures of trilobite trace fossils indicative of an open surface furrow origin, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 21, 273, 10.1016/0031-0182(77)90039-6 Baldwin, 1977, The stratigraphy and facies associations of trace fossils in some Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of North Western Spain, 9 Bambach, 1993, Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marine ecosystem, Paleobiology, 19, 372, 10.1017/S0094837300000336 Berner, 1980 Berner, 1985, Bioturbation and the early diagenesis of carbon and sulfur, Am. J. Sci., 285, 193, 10.2475/ajs.285.3.193 Bluth, 1991, Phanerozoic paleogeology, Am. J. Sci., 291, 284, 10.2475/ajs.291.3.284 Bottjer, 1994, The history of Phanerozoic bioturbation, 155 Bottjer, 2000, The Cambrian substrate revolution, GSA Today, 10, 1 Boudreau, 1998, Mean mixed depth of sediments: the wherefore and the why, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 524, 10.4319/lo.1998.43.3.0524 Bowles, 2014, Global rates of marine sulfate reduction and implications for sub-sea-floor metabolic activities, Science, 344, 889, 10.1126/science.1249213 Boyle, 2014, Stabilization of the coupled oxygen and phosphorus cycles by the evolution of bioturbation, Nat. Geosci., 7, 671, 10.1038/ngeo2213 Brandt, 1986, Preservation of event beds through time, PALAIOS, 1, 92, 10.2307/3514465 Brasier, 1990, Nutrients in the early Cambrian, Nature, 347, 521, 10.1038/347521b0 Brasier, 2011, Evolutionary trends in remarkable fossil preservation across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition and the impact of metazoan mixing, 519 Brasier, 2013, The oldest evidence of bioturbation on earth: comment, Geology, 41, E289, 10.1130/G33606C.1 Brennan, 2004, Seawater chemistry and the advent of biocalcification, Geology, 32, 473, 10.1130/G20251.1 Briggs, 2015, Biogenic effects on cohesive sediment erodibility resulting from recurring seasonal hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf, Cont. Shelf Res., 93, 17, 10.1016/j.csr.2014.11.005 Bromley, 1996, 361 Bromley, 1986, Composite ichnofabrics and tiering of burrows, Geol. Mag., 123, 59, 10.1017/S0016756800026534 Buatois, 2016, Decoupled evolution of soft and hard substrate communities during the Cambrian Explosion and Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, 6945, 10.1073/pnas.1523087113 Byers, 1974, Shale fissility: relation to bioturbation, Sedimentology, 21, 479, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1974.tb02073.x Callow, 2009, Remarkable preservation of microbial mats in Neoproterozoic siliciclastic settings: implications for Ediacaran taphonomic models, Earth Sci. Rev., 96, 207, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.07.002 Calvert, 1993, Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: implications for the geological record, Mar. Geol., 113, 67, 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90150-T Canfield, 2013, Sulfur isotopes in coal constrain the evolution of the Phanerozoic sulfur cycle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 110, 8443, 10.1073/pnas.1306450110 Canfield, 2009, Animal evolution, bioturbation, and the sulfate concentration of the oceans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106, 8123, 10.1073/pnas.0902037106 Carbone, 2014, When life got smart: the evolution of behavioral complexity through the Ediacaran and early Cambrian of NW Canada, J. Paleontol., 88, 309, 10.1666/13-066 Chen, 2013, Trace fossil evidence for Ediacaran bilaterian animals with complex behaviors, Precambrian Res., 224, 690, 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.004 Chen, 2015, Rise to modern levels of ocean oxygenation coincided with the Cambrian radiation of animals, Nat. Commun., 6, 7142, 10.1038/ncomms8142 Crimes, 1975, Production and preservation of trilobite resting and furrowing traces, Lethaia, 8, 35, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1975.tb00914.x Crimes, 1987, Trace fossils and correlation of late Precambrian and early Cambrian strata, Geol. Mag., 124, 97, 10.1017/S0016756800015922 Crimes, 1992, Changes in the trace fossil biota across the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary, J. Geol. Soc., 149, 637, 10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0637 Crimes, 1985, Trace fossils from late Precambrian-early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): temporal and environmental implications, J. Paleontol., 59, 310 Crimes, 1994, Evolution and dispersal of deepsea traces, PALAIOS, 9, 74, 10.2307/3515080 Crimes, 1977, Late Precambrian-low Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Spain, 91 Dahl, 2010, Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 17911, 10.1073/pnas.1011287107 Dale, 2016, A model for microbial phosphorus cycling in bioturbated marine sediments: significance for phosphorus burial in the early Paleozoic, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 189, 251, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.046 de Deckere, 2001, Destabilization of cohesive intertidal sediments by infauna, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 53, 665, 10.1006/ecss.2001.0811 Dornbos, 2005, Paleoecology of benthic metazoans in the early Cambrian Maotianshan Shale biota and the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota: evidence for the Cambrian substrate revolution, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 220, 47, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.11.016 Dorsch, 1995, The Taconic foredeep as sediment sink and sediment exporter: implications for the origin of the white quartzarenite blanket (Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian) of the central and southern Appalachians, Am. J. Sci., 295, 201, 10.2475/ajs.295.2.201 Droser, 1987 Droser, 1991, Ichnofabric of the Paleozoic Skolithos ichnofacies and the nature and distribution of Skolithos piperock, PALAIOS, 6, 316, 10.2307/3514911 Droser, 1986, A semiquantitative field classification of ichnofabric, J. Sediment. Petrol., 56, 558, 10.1306/212F89C2-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D Droser, 1988, Trends in depth and extent of bioturbation in Cambrian carbonate marine environments, western United States, Geology, 16, 233, 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0233:TIDAEO>2.3.CO;2 Droser, 1989, Ordovician increase in extent and depth of bioturbation: implications for understanding early Paleozoic ecospace utilization, Geology, 17, 850, 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0850:OIIEAD>2.3.CO;2 Droser, 1994, Infaunal communities and tiering in Early Palaeozoic nearshore clastic environments: trace-fossil evidence from the Cambro-Ordovician of New South Wales, Lethaia, 27, 273, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01574.x Droser, 1999, When the worm turned: concordance of early Cambrian ichnofabric and trace-fossil record in siliciclastic rocks of South Australia, Geology, 27, 625, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0625:WTWTCO>2.3.CO;2 Droser, 2002, Trace fossils and substrates of the terminal Proterozoic-Cambrian transition: implications for the record of early bilaterians and sediment mixing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 12572, 10.1073/pnas.202322499 Droser, 2002, Lowermost Cambrian ichnofabrics from the Chapel Island Formation, Newfoundland: implications for Cambrian substrates, PALAIOS, 17, 3, 10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0003:LCIFTC>2.0.CO;2 Droser, 2004, Development of early Palaeozoic ichnofabrics: evidence from shallow marine siliciclastics, 383 Droser, 2006, Assemblage palaeoecology of the Ediacara biota: the unabridged edition?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 131, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.12.015 Droser, 2017, The rise of animals in a changing environment: global ecological innovation in the late Ediacaran, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 45, 593, 10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-015645 Easthouse, 1988, Paleobathymetry of a Silurian shelf system: application of proximality trends and trace-fossil distributions, PALAIOS, 3, 473, 10.2307/3514721 Ekdale, 2010, Paleoethologic significance of bioglyphs: fingerprints of the subterraneans, PALAIOS, 25, 540, 10.2110/palo.2009.p09-066r Ekdale, 1984, Quantitative ichnology of modern pelagic deposits in the abyssal Atlantic, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 45, 189, 10.1016/0031-0182(84)90040-3 Elliott, 1965, A classification of subaqueous sedimentary structures based on rheological and kinematical parameters, Sedimentology, 5, 193, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1965.tb02112.x Erwin, 2012, Ecological drivers of the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of Metazoa, Evol. Ecol., 26, 417, 10.1007/s10682-011-9505-7 Erwin, 2011, The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals, Science, 334, 1091, 10.1126/science.1206375 Evans, 2016, Ichnology and palaeobiology of Phoebichnus trochoides from the Middle Jurassic of North-East England, Papers in Palaeontology, 2, 139, 10.1002/spp2.1035 Evans, 2015, Dickinsonia liftoff: evidence of current derived morphologies, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 434, 28, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.006 Fillion, 1990, Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada, Palaeontogr. Can., 7, 1 Fortey, 1999, Feeding habits in trilobites, Palaeontology, 42, 429, 10.1111/1475-4983.00080 François, 1997, A new approach for the modelling of sediment reworking induced by a macrobenthic community, Acta Biotheor., 45, 295, 10.1023/A:1000636109604 Frey, 1972, 45 Frey, 1985, Biogenic structures in outcrops and cores. 1. Approaches to ichnology, Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol., 33, 72 Frey, 1989, Coastal sediments and patterns of bioturbation, eastern Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, J. Sediment. Petrol., 59, 1022 Gaines, 2012, Preservation of giant anomalocaridids in silica-chlorite concretions from the Early Ordovician of Morocco, PALAIOS, 27, 317, 10.2110/palo.2011.p11-093r Gaines, 2012, Burgess shale-type biotas were not entirely burrowed away, Geology, 40, 283, 10.1130/G32555.1 Gaines, 2012, Mechanism for Burgess Shale-type preservation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 109, 5180, 10.1073/pnas.1111784109 Garson, 2012, Dynamic palaeoredox and exceptional preservation in the Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah, Lethaia, 45, 164, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00266.x Gaucher, 2013, Comment on “Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at >585 million years ago”, Science, 339, 10.1126/science.1230339 Gehling, 1999, Microbial mats in terminal Proterozoic siliciclastics: Ediacaran death masks, PALAIOS, 14, 40, 10.2307/3515360 Gehling, 2009, Textured organic surfaces associated with the Ediacara biota in South Australia, Earth Sci. Rev., 96, 196, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.03.002 Gehling, 2001, Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland, Geol. Mag., 138, 213, 10.1017/S001675680100509X Gehling, 2014, Scratch traces of large Ediacara bilaterian animals, J. Paleontol., 88, 284, 10.1666/13-054 Giere, 2009, 527 Gill, 2007, Parallel, high-resolution carbon and sulfur isotope records of the evolving Paleozoic marine sulfur reservoir, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 256, 156, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.030 Gill, 2011, Geochemical evidence for widespread euxinia in the Later Cambrian ocean, Nature, 469, 80, 10.1038/nature09700 Goldring, 1995, Organisms and the substrate: response and effect, 83, 151 Goldring, 1996, Trace fossils and biofabrics at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval in western Mongolia, Geol. Mag., 133, 403, 10.1017/S0016756800007573 Grazhdankin, 2014, Patterns of evolution of the Ediacaran soft-bodied biota, J. Paleontol., 88, 269, 10.1666/13-072 Halevy, 2012, Sulfate burial constraints on the Phanerozoic sulfur cycle, Science, 337, 331, 10.1126/science.1220224 Hand, 1983, Energy-metabolism pathways of hydrothermal vent animals: adaptations to a food-rich and sulfide-rich deep-sea environment, Biol. Bull., 165, 167, 10.2307/1541362 Harazim, 2015, Mud-rich density-driven flows along an Early Ordovician storm-dominated shoreline: implications for shallow-marine facies models, J. Sediment. Res., 85, 509, 10.2110/jsr.2015.38 Herringshaw, 2013, Bioinfiltration: irrigation-driven transport of clay particles through bioturbated sediments, J. Sediment. Res., 83, 443, 10.2110/jsr.2013.40 Herringshaw, 2010, Ecosystem engineering by bioturbating polychaetes in event bed microcosms, PALAIOS, 25, 46, 10.2110/palo.2009.p09-055r Herringshaw, 2017, Engineering the Cambrian explosion: the earliest bioturbators as ecosystem engineers, 369 Hertweck, 1972, Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, USA: sedimentology and biology. V. Distribution and environmental significance of Lebensspuren and in-situ skeletal remains, Senckenberg. Marit., 4, 125 Horita, 2002, Chemical evolution of seawater during the Phanerozoic: implications from the record of marine evaporites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3733, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00884-5 Howard, 1985, Physical and biogenic aspects of backbarrier sedimentary sequences, Georgia coast, U.S.A, Mar. Geol., 63, 77, 10.1016/0025-3227(85)90080-5 Howard, 1972, Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. IV. Physical and biogenic sedimentary structures of the nearshore shelf, Senckenberg. Marit., 4, 81 Howard, 1981, Depositional facies of high-energy beach-to-offshore sequence: comparison with low-energy sequence, AAPG Bull., 65, 807 Howarth, 1988, Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 2. Biogeochemical controls, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 688 Jablonski, 1983, Onshore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities, Science, 222, 1123, 10.1126/science.222.4628.1123 Jensen, 1990, Predation by early Cambrian trilobites on infaunal worms – evidence from the Swedish Mickwitzia Sandstone, Lethaia, 23, 29, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01779.x Jensen, 1997, Trace fossils from the lower Cambrian Mickwitzia Sandstone, south-central Sweden, Fossils Strata, 42, 1 Jensen, 2003, The Proterozoic and earliest Cambrian trace fossil record; patterns, problems and perspectives, Integr. Comp. Biol., 43, 219, 10.1093/icb/43.1.219 Jensen, 1992, Brominated metabolites and reduced numbers of meiofauna organisms in the burrow wall lining of the deep-sea enteropneust Stereobalanus canadensis, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 39, 1247, 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90067-4 Jensen, 2000, Complex trace fossils from the terminal Proterozoic of Namibia, Geology, 28, 143, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<143:CTFFTT>2.0.CO;2 Jensen, 2002, A scratch circle origin for the medusoid fossil Kullingia, Lethaia, 35, 291, 10.1080/002411602320790616 Jensen, 2005, Trace fossil preservation and the early evolution of animals, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 220, 19, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.09.035 Jensen, 2006, A critical look at the Ediacaran trace fossil record, 115 Jumars, 1989, Responses of benthos to changing food quality and quantity, with a focus on deposit feeding and bioturbation, 235 King, 1986, Inhibition of microbial activity in marine sediments by a bromophenol from a hemichordate, Nature, 323, 257, 10.1038/323257a0 Lachat, 2016, Novel mobbing strategies of a fish population against a sessile annelid predator, Sci. Rep., 6, 1 Laflamme, 2013, The end of the Ediacara biota: extinction, biotic replacement, or Cheshire Cat?, Gondwana Res., 23, 558, 10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.004 Landing, 1994, Precambrian-Cambrian boundary global stratotype ratified and a new perspective of Cambrian time, Geology, 22, 179, 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0179:PCBGSR>2.3.CO;2 Larson, 1983, The evolution of infaunal communities and sedimentary fabrics, 627 Leavitt, 2013, Influence of sulfate reduction rates on the Phanerozoic sulfur isotope record, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 110, 11244, 10.1073/pnas.1218874110 Lenton, 2014, Co-evolution of eukaryotes and ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic era, Nat. Geosci., 7, 257, 10.1038/ngeo2108 Li, 2017, Coupled ocean oxygenation and metazoan diversification during the early–middle Cambrian?, Geology, 45, 743 Liu, 2010, First evidence for locomotion in the Ediacara biota from the 565 Ma Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland, Geology, 38, 123, 10.1130/G30368.1 Liu, 2014, Confirming the metazoan character of a 565 Ma trace-fossil assemblage from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, PALAIOS, 29, 420, 10.2110/palo.2014.011 Lobza, 1999, Biogenic sedimentary structures produced by worms in soupy, soft muds: observations from the Chattanooga Shale (Upper Devonian) and experiments, J. Sediment. Res., 69, 1041, 10.2110/jsr.69.1041 Lyons, 2003, Contrasting sulfur geochemistry and Fe/Al and Mo/Al ratios across the last oxic-to-anoxic transition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, Chem. Geol., 195, 131, 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00392-3 Macdonald, 2014, Trace fossils with spreiten from the late Ediacaran Nama Group, Namibia: complex feeding patterns 5 million years before the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, J. Paleontol., 88, 299, 10.1666/13-042 Mángano, 2014, Decoupling of body-plan diversification and ecological structuring during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition: evolutionary and geobiological feedbacks, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 281, 9, 10.1098/rspb.2014.0038 Marenco, 2008, The importance of Planolites in the Cambrian substrate revolution, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 258, 189, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.025 McIlroy, 2004, Some ichnological concepts, methodologies, applications and frontiers, 3 McIlroy, 2007, Lateral variability in shallow marine ichnofabrics: implications for the ichnofabric analysis method, J. Geol. Soc., 164, 359, 10.1144/0016-76492005-101 McIlroy, 2008, Ichnological analysis: the common ground between ichnofacies workers and ichnofabric analysts, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 270, 332, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.07.016 McIlroy, 2017, Ichnological evidence for the Cambrian explosion in the Ediacaran to Cambrian succession of Tanafjord, Finnmark, northern Norway, 351 McIlroy, 2010, Realistic interpretation of ichnofabrics and palaeoecology of the pipe-rock biotope, Lethaia, 43, 420 McIlroy, 1997, Palaeobiological significance of Plagiogmus arcuatus from the lower Cambrian of central Australia, Alcheringa, 21, 161, 10.1080/03115519708619171 McIlroy, 1999, The impact of bioturbation on infaunal ecology and evolution during the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition, PALAIOS, 14, 58, 10.2307/3515361 Meadows, 1989, Modification of sediment permeability and shear strength by two burrowing invertebrates, Mar. Biol., 101, 75, 10.1007/BF00393480 Meadows, 1986, Bioturbation, microbial activity and sediment properties in an estuarine ecosystem, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B-Biological Sciences, 90, 129, 10.1017/S0269727000004930 Menon, 2013, Evidence for Cnidaria-like behavior in ca. 560 Ma Ediacaran Aspidella, Geology, 41, 895, 10.1130/G34424.1 Mermillod-Blondin, 2006, Ecosystem engineering: the impact of bioturbation on biogeochemical processes in marine and freshwater benthic habitats, Aquat. Sci., 68, 434, 10.1007/s00027-006-0858-x Mermillod-Blondin, 2005, Biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and organic matter processing in shallow marine sediments: an experimental study, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 315, 187, 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.09.013 Meyer, 2014, Interactions between Ediacaran animals and microbial mats: insights from Lamonte trevallis, a new trace fossil from the Dengying Formation of South China, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 396, 62, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.026 Meysman, 2006, Bioirrigation in permeable sediments: advective pore-water transport induced by burrow ventilation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 142, 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0142 Meysman, 2006, Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 688, 10.1016/j.tree.2006.08.002 Middelburg, 1997, Empirical relationships for use in global diagenetic models, Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 44, 327, 10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00101-X Miller, 1997, A semiquantitative field method for evaluating bioturbation on bedding planes, PALAIOS, 12, 391, 10.2307/3515338 Mochizuki, 2014, Diachronous increase in early Cambrian ichnofossil size and benthic faunal activity in different climatic regions, J. Paleontol., 88, 331, 10.1666/13-056 Myrow, 1992, Bypass-zone tempestite facies model and proximality trends for an ancient muddy shoreline and shelf, J. Sediment. Petrol., 62, 99 Myrow, 1992, Pot and gutter casts from the Chapel Island Formation, southeast Newfoundland, J. Sediment. Petrol., 62, 992, 10.2110/jsr.62.992 Myrow, 2004, Flat-pebble conglomerate: its multiple origins and relationship to metre-scale depositional cycles, Sedimentology, 51, 973, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00657.x Narbonne, 1987, A candidate stratotype for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, Southeastern Newfoundland, Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 1277, 10.1139/e87-124 Neto de Carvalho, 2006, Roller coaster behavior in the Cruziana rugosa group from Penha Garcia (Portugal): implications for the feeding program of trilobites, Ichnos, 13, 255, 10.1080/10420940600843740 Orr, 2003, Post-Cambrian closure of the deep-water slope-basin taphonomic window, Geology, 31, 769, 10.1130/G19193.1 Osgood, 1970, Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area, Palaeontogr. Am., 6, 281 Osgood, 1975, Trilobite trace fossils from the Clinton Group (Silurian) of east-central New York state, Bull. Am. Paleontol., 67, 300 Pawlowska, 2013, Lipid taphonomy in the Proterozoic and the effect of microbial mats on biomarker preservation, Geology, 41, 103, 10.1130/G33525.1 Pecoits, 2012, Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at >585 million years ago, Science, 336, 1693, 10.1126/science.1216295 Pecoits, 2013, Response to comment on “Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at >585 million years ago”, Science, 339, 10.1126/science.1230677 Pemberton, 1976, Supershrimp: deep bioturbation in the Strait of Canso, Nova Scotia, Science, 192, 790, 10.1126/science.192.4241.790 Pemberton, 1992, The conceptual framework of ichnology, Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration, 17, 1 Planavsky, 2014, The elements of marine life, Nat. Geosci., 7, 855, 10.1038/ngeo2307 Pruss, 2010, Carbonates in skeleton-poor seas: new insights from Cambrian and Ordovician strata of Laurentia, PALAIOS, 25, 73, 10.2110/palo.2009.p09-101r Ranger, 1984, Lithostratigraphy of the Cambrian?–Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana Groups of Bell, Little Bell, and Kellys Islands, Conception Bay, Eastern Newfoundland, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 1245, 10.1139/e84-129 Reinhard, 2017, Evolution of the global phosphorus cycle, Nature, 541, 386, 10.1038/nature20772 dos Reis, 2015, Uncertainty in the timing of origin of animals and the limits of precision in molecular timescales, Curr. Biol., 25, 2939, 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.066 Rhoads, 1973, Influence of deposit-feeding benthos on water turbidity and nutrient recycling, Am. J. Sci., 273, 1, 10.2475/ajs.273.1.1 Rhoads, 1982, The effects of marine benthos on physical properties of sediments: a successional perspective, 3 Rhoads, 1970, Influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure, J. Mar. Res., 28, 150 Rhoads, 1978, Seafloor stability in central Long Island Sound: part I, temporal changes in erodibility of fine-grained sediment, International Estuarine Research Conference, 4, 221 Ridgwell, 2005, The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 299, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.006 Rijken, 1979, Food and food uptake in Arenicola marina, Neth. J. Sea Res., 13, 406, 10.1016/0077-7579(79)90014-0 Rindsberg, 1981, Ichnology of neritic turbidite: Silurian Red Mountain Formation, Georgia and Tennessee, AAPG Bull., 65, 979 Rindsberg, 2003, Arthrophycus in the Silurian of Alabama (USA) and the problem of compound trace fossils, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 192, 187, 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00685-5 Rogov, 2012, The oldest evidence of bioturbation on Earth, Geology, 40, 395, 10.1130/G32807.1 Ruttenberg, 2003, The global phosphorus cycle, 585 Ruttenberg, 1993, Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling, continental-margin environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 991, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90035-U Saltzman, 2015, Persistent oceanic anoxia and elevated extinction rates separate the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations, Geology, 43, 807, 10.1130/G36814.1 Sappenfield, 2012, The oldest Zoophycos and implications for early Cambrian deposit feeding, Geol. Mag., 149, 1118, 10.1017/S0016756812000313 Schieber, 2003, Simple gifts and buried treasures — implications of finding bioturbation and erosion surfaces in black shales, The Sedimentary Record, 1, 4, 10.2110/sedred.2003.2.4 Seilacher, 1985, Trilobite palaeobiology and substrate relationships, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 76, 231, 10.1017/S0263593300010464 Seilacher, 1999, Biomat-related lifestyles in the Precambrian, PALAIOS, 14, 86, 10.2307/3515363 Seilacher, 2007 Seilacher, 1994, From biomats to benthic agriculture: a biohistoric revolution, 97 Sepkoski, 1982, Flat-pebble conglomerates, storm deposits, and the Cambrian bottom fauna, 371 Sepkoski, 1991, Secular changes in Phanerozoic event bedding and the biological overprint Shahkarami, 2017, Discriminating ecological and evolutionary controls during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition: trace fossils from the Soltanieh Formation of northern Iran, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 476, 15, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.012 Solan, 2008, How biodiversity affects ecosystem processes: implications for ecological revolutions and benthic ecosystem function, Aquat. Biol., 2, 289, 10.3354/ab00058 Sperling, 2015, Statistical analysis of iron geochemical data suggests limited late Proterozoic oxygenation, Nature, 523, 451, 10.1038/nature14589 Tarhan, 2014, Widespread delayed mixing in early to middle Cambrian marine shelfal settings, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 399, 310, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.024 Tarhan, 2014, Exceptional trace fossil preservation and mixed layer development in Cambro-Ordovician siliciclastic strata, Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 45, 71 Tarhan, 2015, Protracted development of bioturbation through the early Palaeozoic Era, Nat. Geosci., 8, 865, 10.1038/ngeo2537 Tarhan, 2017, Microbial mat sandwiches and other anactualistic sedimentary features of the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia): implications for interpretation of the Ediacaran sedimentary record, PALAIOS, 32, 181, 10.2110/palo.2016.060 Taylor, 1993, Description and analysis of bioturbation and ichnofabric, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 150, 141, 10.1144/gsjgs.150.1.0141 Teal, 2008, Global patterns of bioturbation intensity and mixed depth of marine soft sediments, Aquat. Biol., 2, 207, 10.3354/ab00052 Teal, 2010, Sediment mixed layer as a proxy for benthic ecosystem process and function, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 414, 27, 10.3354/meps08736 Thayer, 1979, Biological bulldozers and the evolution of marine benthic communities, Science, 203, 458, 10.1126/science.203.4379.458 Thayer, 1983, Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of marine benthos, 480 Trauth, 1997, Bioturbational mixing depth and carbon flux at the seafloor, Paleoceanography, 12, 517, 10.1029/97PA00722 Tyrrell, 1999, The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400, 525, 10.1038/22941 Uthicke, 1999, Sediment bioturbation and impact of feeding activity of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus, two sediment feeding holothurians, at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Bull. Mar. Sci., 64, 129 Valentine, 1999, Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion, Development, 126, 851, 10.1242/dev.126.5.851 Van Roy, 2010, Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type, Nature, 465, 215, 10.1038/nature09038 Van Roy, 2015, The Fezouata fossils of Morocco; an extraordinary record of marine life in the Early Ordovician, J. Geol. Soc., 172, 541, 10.1144/jgs2015-017 Vannier, 2010, Priapulid worms: Pioneer horizontal burrowers at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, Geology, 38, 711, 10.1130/G30829.1 Vermeij, 1977, The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers, Paleobiology, 3, 245, 10.1017/S0094837300005352 Wallace, 2017, Oxygenation history of the Neoproterozoic to early Phanerozoic and the rise of land plants, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 466, 12, 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.02.046 Webby, 1983, Lower Ordovician arthropod trace fossils from western New South Wales, Proc. Linnean Soc. NSW, 107, 61 Weber, 2004, Arthropod trace fossils from the Zhujiaqing Formation (Meishucunian, Yunnan) and their palaeobiological implications, Prog. Nat. Sci., 13, 25 Wetzel, 2013, Tilting marks: observations on tool marks resembling trace fossils and their morphological varieties, Sediment. Geol., 288, 60, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.01.003 Wetzel, 1986, Stratigraphic completeness: tiered trace fossils provide a measuring stick, Geology, 14, 234, 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<234:SCTTFP>2.0.CO;2 Wetzel, 2014, Tidal signature recorded in burrow fill, Sedimentology, 61, 1198, 10.1111/sed.12097 Wheatcroft, 1990, Preservation potential of sedimentary event layers, Geology, 18, 843, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0843:PPOSEL>2.3.CO;2 Wright, 2016, How far did feedback between biodiversity and early diagenesis affect the nature of early Palaeozoic sea floors?, Palaeontology, 59, 753, 10.1111/pala.12258 Wright, 2016, Leaving no stone unturned: the feedback between increased biotic diversity and early diagenesis during the Ordovician, J. Geol. Soc., 173, 241, 10.1144/jgs2015-043 Wu, 2010, Evaluating the S-isotope fractionation associated with Phanerozoic pyrite burial, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 2053, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.012 Yingst, 1978, Seafloor stability in central Long Island Sound: part II, biological interactions and their potential importance for seafloor erodibility, International Estuarine Research Conference, 4, 245 Yingst, 1979, The role of bioturbation in the enhancement of bacterial growth rates in marine sediments, 407 Zhang, 2017, The impact of deep-tier burrow systems in sediment mixing and ecosystem engineering in early Cambrian carbonate settings, Sci. Rep., 7 Ziebis, 1996, Complex burrows of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and their geochemical impact in the sea bed, Nature, 382, 619, 10.1038/382619a0 Zorn, 2006, Microscale oxygen distribution in various invertebrate burrow walls, Geobiology, 4, 137, 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00074.x