Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase

European Journal of Pharmacology - Tập 500 - Trang 255-266 - 2004
Hartmut Kleinert1, Andrea Pautz1, Katrin Linker1, Petra M. Schwarz1
1Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55101 Mainz, Germany

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ambs, 1998, Upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cancer-prone p53 knockout mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 8823, 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8823 Beck, 1998, Potentiation of nitric oxide synthase expression by superoxide in interleukin-1β-stimulated rat mesangial cells, FEBS Lett., 435, 35, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01035-7 Bhat, 2002, p38 MAPK-mediated transcriptional activation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in glial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 29584, 10.1074/jbc.M204994200 Blair, 2002, Role of interferon regulatory factor-1 in double-stranded RNA-induced iNOS expression by mouse islets, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 359, 10.1074/jbc.M109819200 Blanchette, 2003, Signalling events involved in interferon-gamma-inducible macrophage nitric oxide generation, Immunology, 108, 513, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01620.x Bogdan, 2001, Nitric oxide and the immune response, Nat. Immunol., 2, 907, 10.1038/ni1001-907 Boyault, 2001, 15-Deoxy-delta12,14-PGJ2, but not troglitazone, modulates IL-1beta effects in human chondrocytes by inhibiting NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation pathways, FEBS Lett., 501, 24, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02614-X Brennan, 2001, HuR and mRNA stability, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 58, 266, 10.1007/PL00000854 Bruch-Gerharz, 2003, Arginase 1 overexpression in psoriasis: limitation of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity as a molecular mechanism for keratinocyte hyperproliferation, Am. J. Pathol., 162, 203, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63811-4 Caput, 1986, Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3′-untranslated region of mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 83, 1670, 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1670 Carballo, 2000, Evidence that tristetraprolin is a physiological regulator of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA deadenylation and stability, Blood, 95, 1891, 10.1182/blood.V95.6.1891 Chen, 2003, Elk-3 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric-oxide synthase 2, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 39572, 10.1074/jbc.M308179200 Chu, 1995, Structural diversity in the 5'-untranslated region of cytokine-stimulated human inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 10625, 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10625 Chu, 1998, Analysis of the cytokine-stimulated human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene: characterization of differences between human and mouse iNOS promoters, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 248, 871, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9062 Closs, 2000, Substrate supply for nitric-oxide synthase in macrophages and endothelial cells: role of cationic amino acid transporters, Mol. Pharmacol., 57, 68 Daniliuc, 2003, Hypoxia inactivates inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse macrophages by disrupting its interaction with alpha-actinin 4, J. Immunol., 171, 3225, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3225 Darville, 1998, Regulation by cytokines of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter in insulin-producing cells, Diabetologia, 41, 1101, 10.1007/s001250051036 Deng, 2003, Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by p300 and p50 acetylation, J. Immunol., 171, 6581, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6581 de Vera, 1996, Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene by cytokines: initial analysis of the human NOS2 promoter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 1054, 10.1073/pnas.93.3.1054 de Vera, 1996, Cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase gene transcription is blocked by the heat shock response in human liver cells, Surgery, 120, 144, 10.1016/S0039-6060(96)80281-9 de Vera, 1997, Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS gene expression by upregulating I-κB-α and inhibiting NF-κB, Am. J. Physiol., 273, G1290 Dlaska, 1999, Central role of transcription factor NF-IL6 for cytokine and ironmediated regulation of murine inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, J. Immunol., 162, 6171, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.10.6171 Doi, 2002, Cytokine-activated Jak-2 is involved in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression independent from NF-kappaB activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, Atherosclerosis, 160, 123, 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00578-0 Eberhardt, 1998, Molecular mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by IL-1β and cAMP in rat mesangial cells, J. Immunol., 160, 4961, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4961 Eissa, 1998, Cloning and characterization of human inducible nitric oxide synthase splice variants: a domain, encoded by exons 8 and 9, is critical for dimerization, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 7625, 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7625 Fahmi, 2001, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase 13 production in human chondrocytes, Arthritis Rheum., 44, 595, 10.1002/1529-0131(200103)44:3<595::AID-ANR108>3.0.CO;2-8 Fechir, 2003, Complex regulation of human iNOS-expression by RNA binding proteins, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., Suppl., 367, R41 Felley-Bosco, 2000, Caveolin-1 downregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase via the proteasome pathway in human colon carcinoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 14334, 10.1073/pnas.250406797 Feng, 2002, Identification of a negative response element in the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase (hiNOS) promoter: the role of NF-{kappa}B-repressing factor (NRF) in basal repression of the hiNOS gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 15, 14212, 10.1073/pnas.212306199 Forrester, 1996, Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by wild-type p53, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 2442, 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2442 Forstermann, 2003, NO synthesis and NOS regulation, 119 Fujimura, 1997, Attenuation of nitric oxide synthase induction in IRF-1-deficient glial cells, Brain Res., 759, 247, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00264-3 Galea, 1994, Cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from rat astrocytes, J. Neurosci. Res., 37, 406, 10.1002/jnr.490370313 Ganster, 2001, Complex regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transcription by Stat 1 and NF-kappa B, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 8638, 10.1073/pnas.151239498 Gao, 1997, An interferon-γ-activated site (GAS) is necessary for full expression of the mouse iNOS gene in response to interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 1226, 10.1074/jbc.272.2.1226 Geller, 1993, Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 90, 3491, 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3491 Ghosh, 1998, NF-κB and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 16, 225, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.225 Goldring, 1996, In vivo footprinting of the mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene: inducible protein occupation of numerous sites including oct and NF-IL6, Nucleic Acids Res., 24, 1682, 10.1093/nar/24.9.1682 Gueydan, 1999, Identification of TIAR as a protein binding to the translational regulatory AU-rich element of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 2322, 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2322 Guo, 2002, Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha mediates redox sensitivity of inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene transcription, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 5054, 10.1074/jbc.M109017200 Guo, 2003, Serine/threonine phosphorylation regulates HNF-4alpha-dependent redox-mediated iNOS expression in hepatocytes, Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol., 284, C1090, 10.1152/ajpcell.00394.2002 Guo, 2003, A critical role for C/EBPbeta binding to the AABS promoter response element in the human iNOS gene, FASEB J., 17, 1718, 10.1096/fj.02-1172fje Hamilton, 1997, Modulation of AUUUA response element binding by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 in human T lymphocytes. The roles of cytoplasmic location, transcription, and phosphorylation, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 28732, 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28732 Hausding, 2000, Inhibition of small G proteins of the Rho family by statins or Clostridium difficile toxin B enhances cytokine-mediated induction of NO synthase II, Br. J. Pharmacol., 131, 553, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703607 Jeon, 1998, Inhibition of NF-kappa B/Rel nuclear translocation by dexamethasone: mechanism for the inhibition of iNOS gene expression, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 45, 435 Johannesen, 2003, Strain dependent rat iNOS promoter activity-correlation to identified WT1 transcription factor binding site, Autoimmunity, 36, 167, 10.1080/0891693031000101288 Jung, 2000, Hypoxic regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase via hypoxia inducible factor-1 in cardiac myocytes, Circ. Res., 86, 319, 10.1161/01.RES.86.3.319 Kamijo, 1994, Requirement for transcription factor IRF-1 in NO synthase induction in macrophages, Science, 263, 1612, 10.1126/science.7510419 Kim, 1999, Octamer motif is required for the NF-κB-mediated induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages, Mol. Cells, 9, 99 Kitamura, 1996, Possible involvement of Janus kinase Jak2 in interferon-γ induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat glial cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 306, 297, 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00212-9 Kizaki, 2001, Negative regulation of LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by AP-1 in macrophage cell line J774A.1, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 289, 1031, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6123 Kleinert, 1996, Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase II by down-regulating cytokine-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, Mol. Pharmacol., 49, 15 Kleinert, 1998, Involvement of protein kinases in the induction of NO synthase II in human DLD-1 cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 123, 1716, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701782 Kleinert, 1998, Cytokine induction of NO synthase II in human DLD-1 cells: roles of the JAK-STAT, AP-1 and NF-kappa B-signaling pathways, Br. J. Pharmacol., 125, 193, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702039 Kleinert, 1999, Analysis of the molecular mechanism regulating the induction of the human NO synthase II promoter in human A549/8 alveolar carcinoma cells, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 359, R37 Kleinert, 2003, Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, Biol. Chem., 384, 1343, 10.1515/BC.2003.152 Kolyada, 2001, Transcriptional regulation of the human iNOS gene by IL-1beta in endothelial cells, Mol. Med., 7, 329, 10.1007/BF03402216 Kolyada, 1996, Transcriptional regulation of the human iNOS gene in vascular-smooth-muscle cells and macrophages: evidence for tissue specificity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 220, 600, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0449 Kristof, 2001, Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate activator protein-1-dependent human inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter activation, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 8445, 10.1074/jbc.M009563200 Kröncke, 1998, Inducible nitric oxide synthase in human diseases, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 113, 147, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00648.x Kunz, 1996, Molecular mechanisms of dexamethasone inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression in interleukin-1β-stimulated mesangial cells: evidence for the involvement of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 255, 10.1073/pnas.93.1.255 Kuo, 1997, Oxidative stress increases hepatocyte iNOS gene transcription and promoter activity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 234, 289, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6562 Kuo, 2000, Superoxide enhances interleukin 1beta-mediated transcription of the hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, Gastroenterology, 118, 608, 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70268-X Lahti, 2003, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one reduces inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by destabilizing mRNA in activated macrophages, Mol. Pharmacol., 64, 308, 10.1124/mol.64.2.308 Lai, 1999, Evidence that tristetraprolin binds to AU-rich elements and promotes the deadenylation and destabilization of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 4311, 10.1128/MCB.19.6.4311 Li, 2000, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent repression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 4699, 10.1128/MCB.20.13.4699-4707.2000 Lin, 1996, Molecular cloning and expression of an avian macrophage nitric-oxide synthase cDNA and the analysis of the genomic 5′-flanking region, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 11911, 10.1074/jbc.271.20.11911 Linker, 2004, The RNA binding protein KSRP negatively regulates human iNOS expression, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., Suppl., 369, R40 Linn, 1997, Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in an intestinal epithelial cell line, Am. J. Physiol., 272, G1499 Linscheid, 1998, Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 243, 137, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8072 Lowenstein, 1993, Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene- two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 90, 9730, 10.1073/pnas.90.20.9730 Luss, 1997, Dedifferentiated human ventricular cardiac myocytes express inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not protein in response to IL-1, TNF, IFNgamma, and LPS, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 29, 1153, 10.1006/jmcc.1996.0349 Lyons, 1992, Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 6370, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42704-4 MacMicking, 1997, Nitric oxide and macrophage function, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15, 323, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323 Majano, 2004, N-Acetyl-cysteine modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in human hepatocytes, J. Hepatol., 40, 632, 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.12.009 Mangasser-Stephan, 2002, Interaction of the RNA-binding protein AUF1 with the human iNOS mRNA, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., Suppl., 365, R39 Marks-Konczalik, 1998, Cytokine-mediated transcriptional induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene requires both activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-κB-binding sites, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 22201, 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22201 Martin, 1994, Role of interferon regulatory factor 1 in induction of nitric oxide synthase, J. Exp. Med., 180, 977, 10.1084/jem.180.3.977 Melillo, 1995, A hypoxia-responsive element mediates a novel pathway of activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter, J. Exp. Med., 182, 1683, 10.1084/jem.182.6.1683 Meraz, 1996, Targeted disruption of the STAT1 gene in mice reveals unexpected physiologic specificity in the JAK-SAT signaling pathway, Cell, 84, 431, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81288-X Misquitta, 2001, The role of 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) mediated mRNA stability in cardiovascular pathophysiology, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 224, 53, 10.1023/A:1011982932645 Mitchell, 2000, mRNA stability in eukaryotes, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 10, 193, 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00063-0 Mori, 2000, Regulation of nitric oxide production by arginine metabolic enzymes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 275, 715, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3169 Muhl, 1994, Tetrahydrobiopterin is a limiting factor of nitric oxide generation in interleukin 1 beta-stimulated rat glomerular mesangial cells, Kidney Int., 46, 1302, 10.1038/ki.1994.398 Mukaida, 1994, Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. Nuclear factor-κB is target for glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 gene repression, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 13289, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36831-X Musial, 2001, Inducible nitric-oxide synthase is regulated by the proteasome degradation pathway, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 24268, 10.1074/jbc.M100725200 Nishiya, 1997, Activation of Stat1 and subsequent transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in C6 glioma cells is independent of interferon-γ-induced MAPK activation that is mediated by p21ras, FEBS Lett., 408, 33, 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00383-9 Nuedling, 2001, Activation of estrogen receptor beta is a prerequisite for estrogen-dependent upregulation of nitric oxide synthases in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, FEBS Lett., 502, 103, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02675-8 Nunokawa, 1996, Human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor-κB dependent mechanism, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 223, 347, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0897 Pellacani, 2001, Down-regulation of high mobility group-I(Y) protein contributes to the inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase 2 by transforming growth factor-beta1, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 1653, 10.1074/jbc.M008170200 Ratovitski, 1999, Kalirin inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 993, 10.1074/jbc.274.2.993 Ratovitski, 1999, An inducible nitric-oxide synthase (NOS)-associated protein inhibits NOS dimerization and activity, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 30250, 10.1074/jbc.274.42.30250 Rodriguez-Pascual, 2000, Complex contribution of the 3′-untranslated region to the expressional regulation of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. Involvement of the RNA-binding protein HuR, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 26040, 10.1074/jbc.M910460199 Rudders, 2001, ESE-1 is a novel transcriptional mediator of inflammation that interacts with NF-kappa B to regulate the inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 3302, 10.1074/jbc.M006507200 Sakitani, 1998, Synergistic regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta and nuclear factor-κB in hepatocytes, Genes Cells, 3, 321, 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1998.00193.x Saura, 1996, Role of tetrahydrobiopterin availability in the regulation of nitric-oxide synthase expression in human mesangial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 14290, 10.1074/jbc.271.24.14290 Saura, 1998, Involvement of transcriptional mechanisms in the inhibition of NOS2 expression by dexamethasone in rat mesangial cells, Kidney Int., 53, 38, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00725.x Schindler, 1995, Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 621, 10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.003201 Shiraishi, 1997, Role of IFN regulatory factor-1 in synovitis and nitric oxide production, J. Immunol., 159, 3549, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3549 Singh, 1996, Regulation of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/ERK2) and STAT1 alpha, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 1111, 10.1074/jbc.271.2.1111 Sirsjo, 2000, Retinoic acid inhibits nitric oxide synthase-2 expression through the retinoic acid receptor-alpha, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 270, 846, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2535 Soderberg, 2002, Inflammation Modulates the Interaction of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) I/Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein and hnRNP L with the 3′Untranslated Region of the Murine Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase mRNA, Mol. Pharmacol., 62, 423, 10.1124/mol.62.2.423 Spink, 1997, Binding of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 to the inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 24417, 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24417 Spink, 1995, Delineation of the vsmc iNOS enhancer and its interaction with the transcription factor, relA, Endothelium, 3, S-50 Taylor, 2000, Molecular regulation of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene, Shock, 13, 413, 10.1097/00024382-200006000-00001 Taylor, 1998, Multiple NF-κB enhancer elements regulate cytokine induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 15148, 10.1074/jbc.273.24.15148 Tedeschi, 2003, Antiinflammatory actions of St. John's wort: inhibition of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) activation, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 307, 254, 10.1124/jpet.103.054460 Tedeschi, 2004, Green tea inhibits human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha activation, Mol. Pharmacol., 65, 111, 10.1124/mol.65.1.111 Teng, 2002, C/EBP-beta mediates iNOS induction by hypoxia in rat pulmonary microvascular smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 90, 125, 10.1161/hh0202.103647 Teng, 2002, Molecular mechanisms of iNOS induction by IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol., 282, C144, 10.1152/ajpcell.2002.282.1.C144 Tiscornia, 2004, Post-transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells in pro- and antiapoptotic culture conditions, Leukemia, 18, 48, 10.1038/sj.leu.2403169 Toell, 2002, Orphan nuclear receptor binding site in the human inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter mediates responsiveness to steroid and xenobiotic ligands, J. Cell. Biochem., 85, 72, 10.1002/jcb.10104 Uchimura, 2001, Activation of retinoic X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells, Hepatology, 33, 91, 10.1053/jhep.2001.21145 Upreti, 2004, Replacement of 198MQMDII203 of mouse IRF-1 by 197IPVEVV202 of human IRF-1 abrogates induction of IFN-beta, iNOS, and COX-2 gene expression by IRF-1, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 314, 737, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.156 Vodovotz, 1993, Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor-β, J. Exp. Med., 178, 605, 10.1084/jem.178.2.605 Wang, 2001, Molecular cloning, gene organization and expression of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene, Biochem. J., 358, 747, 10.1042/0264-6021:3580747 Warke, 2003, Transcriptional activation of the human inducible nitricoxide synthase promoter by Kruppel-like factor 6, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 14812, 10.1074/jbc.M300787200 Werner, 2000, Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibition of macrophage activation is mediated via Smad3, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 36653, 10.1074/jbc.M004536200 Xie, 1997, A novel lipopolysaccharide-response element contributes to induction of nitric oxide synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 14867, 10.1074/jbc.272.23.14867 Xie, 1993, Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calciumindependent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, J. Exp. Med., 177, 1779, 10.1084/jem.177.6.1779 Xie, 1994, Role of transcription factor NF-κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 4705, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37600-7 Xiong, 2003, Complex formation of the interferon (IFN) consensus sequence-binding protein with IRF-1 is essential for murine macrophage IFN-gamma-induced iNOS gene expression, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 2271, 10.1074/jbc.M209583200 Xu, 2003, STAT-1 and c-Fos interaction in nitric oxide synthase-2 gene activation, Am. J. Physiol., Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 285, L137, 10.1152/ajplung.00441.2002 Yao, 2003, Sporogen, S14-95, and S-curvularin, three inhibitors of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression isolated from fungi, Mol. Pharmacol., 63, 383, 10.1124/mol.63.2.383 You, 2003, 17 beta-estradiol increases inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 303, 1129, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00477-7 Yu, 2002, Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB, Biochem. J., 11, 97, 10.1042/bj20020588 Zhang, 1998, Molecular cloning and analysis of the rat inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter in aortic smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Pharmacol., 55, 1873, 10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00078-1