Molds: Hyalohyphomycosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, and Zygomycosis

Nucci, 2004, Fusarium infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 1237, 10.1086/383319 Lamaris, 2006, Scedosporium infection in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 25 cases from 1989–2006, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 1580, 10.1086/509579 Chouaki, 2002, Invasive infections due to Trichoderma species: report of 2 cases, findings of in vitro susceptibility testing, and review of the literature, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 1360, 10.1086/344270 Safdar, 2002, Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1415, 10.1086/340260 Mancini, 1992, Dactylaria infection of a human being: pulmonary disease in a heart transplant recipient, J Heart Lung Transplant, 11, 827 Ozawa, 2007, A case of bronchial infection of Wangiella dermatitidis, Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi, 45, 907 Roden, 2005, Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 634, 10.1086/432579 Walsh, 2004, Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens, Clin Microbiol Infect, 10, 48, 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00839.x Baddley, 2001, Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 1319, 10.1086/319985 Kontoyiannis, 2005, Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases, J Infect Dis, 191, 1350, 10.1086/428780 Alexander, 2006, Contemporary tools for the diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses, Clin Infect Dis, 43, S15, 10.1086/504491 Lionakis, 2004, The significance of isolation of saprophytic molds from the lower respiratory tract in patients with cancer, Cancer, 100, 165, 10.1002/cncr.11876 Lionakis, 2004, The significance of blood cultures positive for emerging saprophytic molds in cancer patients, Clin Microbiol Infect, 10, 922, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00933.x Cohen, 1969, Fungal flora of the normal human small and large intestine, N Engl J Med, 280, 638, 10.1056/NEJM196903202801204 Ando, 1982, Fungal flora of the conjunctival sac, Am J Ophthalmol, 94, 67, 10.1016/0002-9394(82)90193-3 Marr, 2002, Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 909, 10.1086/339202 Nucci, 2003, Outcome predictors of 84 patients with hematologic malignancies and Fusarium infection, Cancer, 98, 315, 10.1002/cncr.11510 Schell, 1995, New aspects of emerging fungal pathogens: a multifaceted challenge, Clin Lab Med, 15, 365, 10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30336-6 Boutati, 1997, Fusarium, a significant emerging pathogen in patients with hematologic malignancy: ten years' experience at a cancer center and implications for management, Blood, 90, 999, 10.1182/blood.V90.3.999 Sampathkumar, 2001, Fusarium infection after solid-organ transplantation, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 1237, 10.1086/319753 Reuben, 1989, Antifungal susceptibility of 44 clinical isolates of Fusarium species, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 33, 1647, 10.1128/AAC.33.9.1647 Nucci, 2007, Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients, Clin Microbiol Rev, 20, 695, 10.1128/CMR.00014-07 Pfaller, 2004, Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, J Clin Micrbiol, 42, 4419, 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004 Perfect, 2003, Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 1122, 10.1086/374557 Stanzani, 2007, Update on the treatment of disseminated fusariosis; focus on voriconazole, Ther Clin Risk Manag, 3, 1165 Raad, 2006, Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematological malignancies and other conditions, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 1398, 10.1086/503425 Ho, 2007, Treating disseminated fusariosis: amphotericin B, voriconazole, or both?, Mycoses, 50, 227, 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01346.x Cortez, 2008, Infections caused by Scedosporium spp, Clin Microbiol Rev, 21, 157, 10.1128/CMR.00039-07 Cimon, 2000, Clinical significance of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 19, 53, 10.1007/s100960050011 Castiglion, 2002, Pseudallescheria boydii (anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum) infection in organ transplant recipients in a tertiary medical center and review of the literature, Medicine, 81, 333, 10.1097/00005792-200209000-00001 Revankar, 2002, Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 467, 10.1086/338636 Husain, 2005, Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact on antifungal agent therapy on outcome, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 89, 10.1086/426445 Katragkou, 2007, Scedosporium apiospermum infection after near-drowning, Mycoses, 50, 412, 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01388.x Torres, 2005, Posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal, Lancet Infect Dis, 5, 775, 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70297-8 Kuhls, 1999, Molecular reidentification of human pathogenic Trichoderma isolates as Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma citrinoviride, Med Mycol, 37, 25, 10.1080/02681219980000041 Walsh, 1998, Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 26, 1383, 10.1086/516353 Miguel, 2005, Nonfatal pulmonary Trichoderma viride infection in an adult patient with acute myeloid leukemia: report of one case and review of the literature, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 53, 33, 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.04.009 Fleming, 2002, Emerging and less common fungal pathogens, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 16, 915, 10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00041-7 Escudero Gil, 1976, Pulmonary mycetoma caused by Trichoderma viride, Actas Dermosifiliogr, 67, 673 Alanio, 2008, Invasive pulmonary infection due to Trichoderma longibrachiatum mimicking invasive Aspergillosis in a neutropenic patient successfully treated with voriconazole combined with caspofungin, Clin Infect Dis, 46, e116, 10.1086/587750 Kratzer, 2006, In vitro activity and synergism of amphotericin B, azoles, and cationic antimicrobials against the emerging pathogen Trichderma spp, J Antimicrob Chemother, 58, 1058, 10.1093/jac/dkl384 Pastor, 2006, Clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome of Paecilomyces lilacinus infections, Clin Microbiol Infect, 12, 948, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01481.x Gutierrez, 2005, Pulmonary mycetoma caused by an atypical isolate of Paecilomyces species in an immunocompetent individual: case report and literature review of Paecilomyces lung infections, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 24, 607, 10.1007/s10096-005-0013-y Salle, 2005, Paecilomyces variotii fungemia in a patient with multiple myeloma: case report and literature review, J Infect, 51, e93, 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.09.006 Chamilos, 2005, Voriconazole-resistant disseminated Paecilomyces variotii infection in a neutropenic patient with leukaemia on voriconazole prophylaxis, J Infect, 51, e225, 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.02.005 Wang, 2005, Successful treatment of Paecilomyces variotii splenic abscesses: a rare complication in a previously unrecognized chronic granulomatous disease child, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 53, 149, 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.04.015 Bertaina, 2007, Sepsis due to Paecilomyces in familial hemo-phagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after allogeneic transplant of hemopoietic stem cells, Minerva Pediatr, 59, 415 Sanchez Yepes, 2007, Lung infection by Paecilomyces variotii in a patient with breast cancer, Med Clin, 129, 438 Alkorta Gurrutxaga, 2007, Fungal endocarditis in a patient bearing a valve prosthesis, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 25, 549, 10.1157/13109991 Jackson, 2006, Paecilomyces lilacinus fungemia in a Jamaican neonate, West Indian Med J, 55, 361, 10.1590/S0043-31442006000500016 Castro, 1990, Hyalohyphomycosis by Paecilomyces lilacinus in a renal transplant patient and review of human Paceilomyces species infections, J Med Vet Mycol, 28, 15, 10.1080/02681219080000031 Wright, 2003, Paecilomyces peritonitis: case report and review of the literature, Clin Nephrol, 59, 305, 10.5414/CNP59305 Fagerburg, 1981, Cerebrospinal fluid shunt colonization and obstruction by Paecilomyces variotii. Case report, J Neurosurg, 54, 257, 10.3171/jns.1981.54.2.0257 Sherwood, 1983, Paecilomyces pyelonephritis complicating nephrolithiasis and review of Paecilomyces infections, J Urol, 130, 526, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51287-2 Dhindsa, 1995, Chronic suppurative otitis media caused by Paecilomyces variotii, J Med Vet Mycol, 33, 59, 10.1080/02681219580000121 Lee, 2002, Delayed sternotomy wound infection due to Paecilomyces variotii in a lung transplant recipient, J Heart Lung Transplant, 21, 1131, 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00404-7 Castelli, 2008, Susceptibility testing and molecular classification of Paecilomyces spp, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 52, 2926, 10.1128/AAC.00538-08 Martin, 2002, Voriconazole treatment of disseminated Paecilomyces infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Clin Infect Dis, 35, e78, 10.1086/342302 Van Schooneveld, 2008, Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in a liver transplant patient: case report and review of the literature, Transpl Infect Dis, 10, 117, 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2007.00248.x Mullane, 2007, Posaconazole salvage therapy allows successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory invasive mold infections, Transpl Infect Dis, 9, 89, 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2007.00208.x Chayakulkeeree, 2006, Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 25, 215, 10.1007/s10096-006-0107-1 Vazquez, 1995, Fungal infections in diabetes, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 9, 97, 10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30642-5 Boelaert, 1991, Deferoxamine therapy and mucormycosis in dialysis patients: report of an international registry, Am J Kidney Dis, 18, 660, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80606-8 Boelaert, 1988, The role of desferrioxamine in dialysis-associated mucormycosis: report of three cases and review of the literature, Clin Nephrol, 29, 261 Hopkins, 1994, Cerebral mucormycosis associated with intravenous drug use: three case reports and review, Clin Infect Dis, 19, 1133, 10.1093/clinids/19.6.1133 Siwek, 2004, Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 584, 10.1086/422723 Imhof, 2004, Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 743, 10.1086/423274 Diamond, 1982, Monocyte-mediated damage to Rhizopus oryzae hyphae in vitro, Infect Immun, 38, 292, 10.1128/IAI.38.1.292-297.1982 Waldorf, 1984, Specific susceptibility to mucormycosis in murine diabetes and bronchoalveolar macrophage defense against Rhizopus, J Clin Invest, 74, 150, 10.1172/JCI111395 Chinn, 1982, Generation of chemotactic factors by Rhizopus oryzae in the presence and absence of serum: relationship to hyphal damage mediated by human neutrophils and effects of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, Infect Immun, 38, 1123, 10.1128/IAI.38.3.1123-1129.1982 Boelaert, 1993, Mucormycosis during deferoxamine therapy is a siderophore-mediated infection. In vitro and in vivo animal studies, J Clin Invest, 91, 1979, 10.1172/JCI116419 Artis, 1982, A mechanism of susceptibility to mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis: transferrin and iron availability, Diabetes, 31, 1109, 10.2337/diabetes.31.12.1109 Chamilos, 2005, Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 60, 10.1086/430710 van Burik, 2006, Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 42, e61, 10.1086/500212 Cornely, 2007, Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia, N Engl J Med, 356, 348, 10.1056/NEJMoa061094 Ullmann, 2007, Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease, N Engl J Med, 356, 335, 10.1056/NEJMoa061098 Ustun, 2008, Fatal Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida glabrata infections with posaconazole prophylaxis after stem cell transplantation, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 32, 363, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.04.014 Schlemmer, 2008, Breakthrough Rhizopus infection on posaconazole prophylaxis following allogeneic stem cell transplant, Bone Marrow Transplant, 42, 551, 10.1038/bmt.2008.199 Larkin, 2003, Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex for zygomycosis, Infect Med, 20, 201 Ibrahim, 2002, The iron chelator deferasirox protects mice from mucormycosis through iron starvation, J Clin Invest, 117, 2649, 10.1172/JCI32338 Reed, 2006, Deferasirox, an iron-chelating agent, as salvage therapy for rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 50, 3968, 10.1128/AAC.01065-06 Reed, 2008, Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 364, 10.1086/589857 Gonzalez, 1997, Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Clin Infect Dis, 24, 192, 10.1093/clinids/24.2.192 Garcia-Diaz, 2001, Resolution of rhinocerebral zygomycosis associated with adjuvant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Clin Infect Dis, 32, e166, 10.1086/320767 Ibrahim, 2005, Caspfungin inhibits Rhizopus oryzae 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, lowers burden in brain measured by quantitative PCR, and improves survival at a low but not a high dose during murine disseminated zygomycosis, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 49, 721, 10.1128/AAC.49.2.721-727.2005 Ferguson, 1988, Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rev Infect Dis, 10, 551, 10.1093/clinids/10.3.551 John, 2005, Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunctive treatment for zygomycosis, Clin Microbiol Infect, 11, 515, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01170.x Ajello, 1974, A case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by a new species of Phialophora, Mycologia, 66, 490, 10.2307/3758492 Dixon, 1987, Pathogenicity and virulence of wild-type and melanin-deficient Wangiella dermatitidis, J Med Vet Mycol, 25, 97, 10.1080/02681218780000141 Husain, 2003, Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-aspergillus mycelial fungi, Clin Infect Dis, 37, 221, 10.1086/375822 Revankar, 2004, Primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis: a review of 101 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 206, 10.1086/380635 Nucci, 2002, Nosocomial outbreak of Exophiala jeanselmei fungemia associated with contamination of hospital water, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1475, 10.1086/340344 Proia, 2004, Phialemonium: an emerging mold pathogen that caused 4 cases of hemodialysis-associated endovascular infection, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 373, 10.1086/422320 Date, 1998, Echinococcus with concurrent phaeohyphomycosis, Mycoses, 41, 429, 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00367.x Borges, 1991, Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis due to Xylohypha bantiana, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 115, 627 Limsila, 1970, Pulmonary cladosporoma: report of a case, J Med Assoc Thai, 53, 586 Samuels, 1989, Calcification in bronchopulmonary sequestration, J Can Assoc Radiol, 40, 106 Brenner, 1996, Cladophialophora bantiana isolated from an AIDS patient with pulmonary infiltrates, J Med Vet Mycol, 34, 427, 10.1080/02681219680000751 Singh, 2006, An unusual case of mediastinal mass due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Eur Respir J, 28, 662, 10.1183/09031936.06.00144505 Boggild, 2006, Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis due to Ochroconis gallopavum in the setting of advanced HIV infection, Med Mycol, 44, 777, 10.1080/13693780600900098 Barenfanger, 1989, Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis in a patient with hemoptysis, Chest, 95, 1158, 10.1378/chest.95.5.1158 Grieble, 1975, Scopulariopsosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in an addict, Ann Intern Med, 83, 326, 10.7326/0003-4819-83-3-326 Hollingsworth, 2007, Successful treatment of Ochroconis gallopavum infection in an immunocompetent host, Infection, 35, 367, 10.1007/s15010-007-6054-7 Lampert, 1977, Pulmonary and cerebral mycetoma caused by Curvularia pallescens, J Pediatr, 91, 603, 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)80511-8 de la Monte, 1985, Disseminated curvularia infection, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 109, 872 Burns, 2000, Dactylaria gallopava infection presenting as a pulmonary nodule in a single-lung transplant recipient, J Heart Lung Transplant, 19, 900, 10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00150-9 Odell, 2000, Multiple lung abscesses due to Ochroconis gallopavum, a dematiaceous fungus, in a nonimmunocompromised wood pulp worker, Chest, 118, 1503, 10.1378/chest.118.5.1503 Al-Abdely, 2005, Successful therapy of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium mackenziei with the new triazole posaconazole, Med Mycol, 43, 91, 10.1080/13693780400011104 Segal, 2005, Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive filamentous fungal infection, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1684, 10.1086/430068 Liu, 1998, Morphologic criteria for the preliminary identification of Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Acremonium species by histopathology, Am J Clin Pathol, 109, 45, 10.1093/ajcp/109.1.45 Maertens, 2004, False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigen test results, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 289, 10.1086/422151 Mattei, 2004, False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay results in vivo during amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 5362, 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5362-5363.2004 Yoshida, 1997, Detection of plasma 1,3-β-D-glucan in patients with Fusarium, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces, and Acremonium fungaemias, J Med Vet Mycol, 35, 371, 10.1080/02681219780001441 Ostrosky-Zeichner, 2005, Multicenter clinical evaluation of the 1,3-β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 654, 10.1086/432470 Odabasi, 2004, β-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 199, 10.1086/421944