The proliferating role of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cancer

Vigneri, 2009, Diabetes and cancer, Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 16, 1103, 10.1677/ERC-09-0087 Calle, 2003, Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S, Adults. N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1625, 10.1056/NEJMoa021423 Flegal, 2010, Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008, JAMA, 303, 235, 10.1001/jama.2009.2014 Hemkens, 2009, Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study, Diabetologia, 52, 1732, 10.1007/s00125-009-1418-4 Currie, 2009, The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 52, 1766, 10.1007/s00125-009-1440-6 Heuson, 1972, Influence of insulin administration on growth of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in intact, oophorectomized, and hypophysectomized rats, Cancer Res., 32, 233 Corpet, 1997, Insulin injections promote the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of rats, Nutr. Cancer, 27, 316, 10.1080/01635589709514543 Tran, 2003, Direct measure of insulin sensitivity with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity with the oral glucose tolerance test: correlations with aberrant crypt foci promotion in rats, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 47 Yakar, 2006, Increased tumor growth in mice with diet-induced obesity: impact of ovarian hormones, Endocrinology, 147, 5826, 10.1210/en.2006-0311 Gunter, 2008, Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, endogenous estradiol, and risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women, Cancer Res., 68, 329, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2946 Gunter, 2008, A prospective evaluation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I as risk factors for endometrial cancer, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 17, 921, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2686 Ma, 2008, Prediagnostic body-mass index, plasma C-peptide concentration, and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis, Lancet Oncol., 9, 1039, 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70235-3 Ma, 2004, A prospective study of plasma c-peptide and colorectal cancer risk in men, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 96, 546, 10.1093/jnci/djh082 Jenab, 2007, Serum C-peptide, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Int. J. Cancer, 121, 368, 10.1002/ijc.22697 Cust, 2007, Serum levels of C-peptide, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and endometrial cancer risk; results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition, Int. J. Cancer, 120, 2656, 10.1002/ijc.22578 Gunter, 2009, Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 101, 48, 10.1093/jnci/djn415 Verheus, 2006, Serum C-peptide levels and breast cancer risk: Results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC), Int. J. Cancer, 119, 659, 10.1002/ijc.21861 Eliassen, 2007, Circulating insulin and c-peptide levels and risk of breast cancer among predominately premenopausal women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16, 161, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0693 Calle, 2004, Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 579, 10.1038/nrc1408 Baillargeon, 2006, Polycystic ovary syndrome: a syndrome of ovarian hypersensitivity to insulin?, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91, 22, 10.1210/jc.2005-1804 Papa, 1990, Elevated insulin-receptor content in human breast cancer, J. Clin. Invest., 86, 1503, 10.1172/JCI114868 Lee, 1999, Enhancement of insulin-like growth factor signaling in human breast cancer: estrogen regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression in vitro and in vivo, Mol. Endocrinol., 13, 787, 10.1210/mend.13.5.0274 Dunnwald, 2007, Hormone receptor status, tumor characteristics, and prognosis: as prospective cohort of breast cancer patients, Breast Cancer Res., 9, R6, 10.1186/bcr1639 Bowker, 2006, Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin, Diabetes Care, 29, 254, 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1558 Alimova, 2009, Metformin inhibits breast cancer cell growth, colony formation and induces cell cycle arrest in vitro, Cell Cycle, 8, 909, 10.4161/cc.8.6.7933 Zakikhani, 2006, Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells, Cancer Res., 66, 10269, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1500 Baxter, 1980, Somatogenic receptors of rat liver: regulation by insulin, Endocrinology, 107, 1176, 10.1210/endo-107-4-1176 Chen, 2009, Phenotypes and genotypes of insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-binding protein-3 and cancer risk, evidence from 96 studies, Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 17, 1668, 10.1038/ejhg.2009.86 Rinaldi, 2010, Serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and colorectal cancer risk: results from the EPIC cohort, plus a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Int. J. Cancer, 126, 1702 Major, 2010, Insulin-like growth factor-i and cancer mortality in older men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95, 1054, 10.1210/jc.2009-1378 Dunn, 1997, Dietary restriction reduces insulin-like growth factor i levels, which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression in p53-deficient mice, Cancer Res., 57, 4667 Wu, 2003, Reduced circulating insulin-like growth factor i levels delay the onset of chemically and genetically induced mammary tumors, Cancer Res., 63, 4384 Wu, 2002, Circulating insulin-like growth factor-i levels regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis, Cancer Res., 62, 1030 Fukuda, 2002, Insulin-like growth factor 1 induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which is dependent on MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in colon cancer cells, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 38205, 10.1074/jbc.M203781200 Heron-Milhavet, 2002, Insulin-like growth factor I induces MDM2-dependent degradation of p53 via the p38 MAPK pathway in response to DNA damage, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 15600, 10.1074/jbc.M111142200 Meyer, 2001, Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates motility in human neuroblastoma cells, Oncogene, 20, 7542, 10.1038/sj.onc.1204927 Canonici, 2008, Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, E-cadherin and alpha v integrin form a dynamic complex under the control of alpha-catenin, Int. J. Cancer, 122, 572, 10.1002/ijc.23164 Wang, 1998, Sex hormone-induced prostatic carcinogenesis in the Noble rat: the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of prostate cancer, Prostate, 35, 165, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980515)35:3<165::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-G Nielsen, 1992, The molecular and cellular biology of insulin-like growth factor II, Prog. Growth Factor Res., 4, 257, 10.1016/0955-2235(92)90023-B Jelinic, 2007, Loss of imprinting and cancer, J. Pathol., 211, 261, 10.1002/path.2116 Sakatani, 2005, Loss of imprinting of Igf2 alters intestinal maturation and tumorigenesis in mice, Science, 307, 1976, 10.1126/science.1108080 Kaneda, 2007, Enhanced sensitivity to IGF-II signaling links loss of imprinting of IGF2 to increased cell proliferation and tumor risk, P. N. A. S., 104, 20926, 10.1073/pnas.0710359105 Jogie-Brahim, 2009, Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease, Endocr. Rev., 30, 417, 10.1210/er.2008-0028 Perks, 2007, IGF-II and IGFBP-2 differentially regulate PTEN in human breast cancer cells, Oncogene, 26, 5966, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210397 Stacey, 2007, Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, Nat. Genet., 39, 865, 10.1038/ng2064 Neuhausen, 2009, Genetic variation in insulin-like growth factor signaling genes and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, Breast Cancer Res., 11, R76, 10.1186/bcr2414 Garner, 2008, Genetic variation in IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 is associated with breast cancer in populations of African descent, Hum. Genet., 123, 247, 10.1007/s00439-008-0468-x Levine, 2006, Coordination and communication between the p53 and IGF-1-AKT-TOR signal transduction pathways, Genes Dev., 20, 267, 10.1101/gad.1363206 Moorehead, 2003, Insulin-like growth factor-II regulates PTEN expression in the mammary gland, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 50422, 10.1074/jbc.M306894200 Silha, 2006, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 attenuates prostate tumor growth by IGF-dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms, Endocrinology, 147, 2112, 10.1210/en.2005-1270 Butt, 2000, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 modulates expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and potentiates p53-independent radiation-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 39174, 10.1074/jbc.M908888199 Buckbinder, 1995, Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53, Nature, 377, 646, 10.1038/377646a0 Ingermann A.R., et al. (2010) Identification of a novel cell death receptor mediating IGFBP-3-induced antitumor effects in breast and prostate cancer. J. Biol. Chem. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.122226 (http://www.jbc.org) Rinaldi, 2006, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and breast cancer risk in women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 13, 593, 10.1677/erc.1.01150 Rinaldi, 2005, Insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF binding protein-3, and breast cancer in young women: a comparison of risk estimates using different peptide assays, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 48, 10.1158/1055-9965.48.14.1 Fukudu, 2002, Acid-labile subunit in growth hormone excess and deficiency in adults: evaluation of its diagnostic value in comparison with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-binding protein-3, Andocr. J., 49, 379, 10.1507/endocrj.49.379 Novosyadlyy, 2010, Insulin-mediated acceleration of breast cancer development and progression in a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes, Cancer Res., 70, 741, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2141 Zhang, 2002, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) inhibits breast cancer cell motility, Cancer Res., 62, 4369 Lu, 2003, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 over-expression in transgenic mice inhibits hepatic preneoplasia, Molecular Carcinogenesis, 36, 142, 10.1002/mc.10105 Russel-Jones, 1997, The effect of an intravenous infusion of IGF-I and insulin on IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, acid labile subunit, free and bound IGF-I, catecholamines and potassium in normal volunteers during an amino acid and glucose clamp, Clin. Endocrinol., 47, 685, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3161133.x Pandini, 2004, 1IGF-II binding to insulin receptor isoform a induces a partially different gene expression profile from insulin binding, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1028, 450, 10.1196/annals.1322.053 Belfiore, 2009, Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease, Endocr. Rev., 30, 586, 10.1210/er.2008-0047 Sciacca, 1999, Insulin receptor activation by IGF-II in breast cancers: evidence for a new autocrine/paracrine mechanism, Oncogene, 18, 2471, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202600 Samani, 2007, The role of the IGF System in cancer growth and metastasis: overview and recent insights, Endocr. Rev., 28, 20, 10.1210/er.2006-0001 Blanco-Aparicio, 2007, PTEN, more than the AKT pathway, Carcinogenesis, 28, 1379, 10.1093/carcin/bgm052 Di Cristofano, 2000, The multiple roles of PTEN in tumor suppression, Cell, 100, 387, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80674-1 Reiling, 2006, Stress and mTORture signaling, Oncogene, 25, 6373, 10.1038/sj.onc.1209889 Jiang, 2008, Role of mTOR in anticancer drug resistance: perspectives for improved drug treatment, Drug. Res. Update., 11, 63, 10.1016/j.drup.2008.03.001 Algire, 2010, Metformin blocks the stimulative effect of a high-energy diet on colon carcinoma growth in vivo and is associated with reduced expression of fatty acid synthase, Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 17, 351, 10.1677/ERC-09-0252 Landman, 2010, Metformin associated with lower cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-16), Diabetes Care, 33, 322, 10.2337/dc09-1380 Jiralerspong, 2009, Metformin and pathologic complete responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in diabetic patients with breast cancer, J. Clin. Oncol., 27, 3297, 10.1200/JCO.2009.19.6410 DiGiovanni, 2000, Deregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in prostate epithelium leads to neoplasia in transgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 3455, 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3455 Carboni, 2005, Tumor development by transgenic expression of a constitutively active insulin-like growth factor I receptor, Cancer Res., 65, 3781, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4602 Scotlandi, 2002, Expression of an IGF-I receptor dominant negative mutant induces apoptosis, inhibits tumorigenesis and enhances chemosensitivity in Ewing's sarcoma cells, Int. J. Cancer, 101, 11, 10.1002/ijc.10537 Lee, 2003, Recombinant adenoviruses expressing dominant negative insulin-like growth factor-I receptor demonstrate antitumor effects on lung cancer, Cancer Gene Ther., 10, 57, 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700524 Bonnette, 2001, Targeted disruption of the IGF-I receptor gene decreases cellular proliferation in mammary terminal end buds, Endocrinology, 142, 4937, 10.1210/endo.142.11.8500 Cox, 2009, Insulin receptor expression by human prostate cancers, Prostate, 69, 33, 10.1002/pros.20852 Novosyadlyy, 2009, Physical and functional interaction between polyoma virus middle T antigen and insulin and IGF-I receptors is required for oncogene activation and tumour initiation, Oncogene, 28, 3477, 10.1038/onc.2009.209 Zhang, 2010, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by insulin receptor downregulation, Oncogene, 29, 2517, 10.1038/onc.2010.17 Rensing, 2010, Could recombinant insulin compounds contribute to adenocarcinoma progression by stimulating local angiogenesis?, Diabetologia, 53, 966, 10.1007/s00125-010-1687-y Fernandez A.M, Kim J.K, Yakar S., et al. Functional inactivation of the IGF-I and insulin receptors in skeletal muscle causes type 2 diabetes. Genes Dev. 15, 1926–1934 Fierz, 2010, Insulin sensitizing therapy attenuates type 2 diabetes-mediated mammary tumor progression, Diabetes, 59, 686, 10.2337/db09-1291 Carboni, 2009, BMS-754807, a small molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1R/IR, Mol. Cancer Ther., 8, 3341, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0499 Wang, 2010, A fully human insulin-like growth factor-i receptor antibody SCH 717454 (robatumumab) has antitumor activity as a single agent and in combination with cytotoxics in pediatric tumor xenografts, Mol. Cancer Ther., 9, 410, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0555 Karp, 2009, Phase II study of the anti-insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor antibody CP-751,871 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in previously untreated, locally advanced, or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, J. Clin. Oncol., 27, 2516, 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9331 Clemmons, 2007, Modifying IGF1 activity: an approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 6, 821, 10.1038/nrd2359 Haluska, 2008, HER receptor signaling confers resistance to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibitor, BMS-536924, Mol. Cancer Ther., 7, 2589, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0493 Fan, 2007, A dual phosphoinositide-3-kinase α/mTOR inhibitor cooperates with blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor in PTEN-mutant glioma, Cancer Res., 67, 7960, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2154