6 What help and what confusion can imaging provide?

Aprill, 1997, Myelography, 443 Aprill, 1992, High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging, British Journal of Radiology, 65, 361, 10.1259/0007-1285-65-773-361 Boden, 1990, Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 72A, 403, 10.2106/00004623-199072030-00013 Bogduk, 1995, Diagnostic block of spinal synovial joints, 298 Bogduk, 1995, Epidural steroid injections, 322 Boos, 1996, Clinical efficacy of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of low-back pain disorders, European Spine Journal, 5, 2, 10.1007/BF00307823 Boos, 1995, 1995 Volvo Award in Clinical Sciences. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging, work perception and psychosocial factors in identifying symptomatic disc herniations, Spine, 20, 2613, 10.1097/00007632-199512150-00002 Boos, 1997, Tissue characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic disc herniations by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15, 141, 10.1002/jor.1100150121 Cassidy, 1997, The prevalence of graded chronic low back pain severity and its effect on general health: a population-based study Derby, 1992, Response to steroid and duration of radicular pain as predictors of surgical outcome, Spine, 17, S176, 10.1097/00007632-199206001-00020 Deyo, 1991, Nonsurgical care of low back pain, Neurological Clinics of North America, 2, 851, 10.1016/S1042-3680(18)30705-8 Deyo, 1986, Lumbar spine films in primary care: current use and effects of selective ordering criteria, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1, 20, 10.1007/BF02596320 Deyo, 1987, Descriptive epidemiology of low-back pain and its related medical care in the United States, Spine, 12, 264, 10.1097/00007632-198704000-00013 Dreyfuss, 1995, Contemporary concept in spine care. Lumbar zygaphophyseal (facet) joint injections, Spine, 20, 2040, 10.1097/00007632-199509150-00019 Fullenlove, 1957, Comparative roentgen findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic backs, Journal of the American Medical Association, 168, 572 Gehweiler, 1983, Low back pain: the controversy of radiologic evaluation, American Journal of Radiology, 140, 109 Ghormley, 1933, Low back pain. With special reference to the articular facets, with presentation of an operative procedure, Journal of the American Medical Association, 101, 1773, 10.1001/jama.1933.02740480005002 Gill, 1991, CT-discography, 443 Gosfield, 1993, Comparison of radionuclide bone scans and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting spinal metastases, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 34, 2191 Guyer, 1995, Contemporary concepts in spine care: lumbar discography. Position statement from the North American Spine Society Diagnostic and Therapeutic Committee, Spine, 20, 2048, 10.1097/00007632-199509150-00020 Hayes, 1989, Roentgenographic evaluation of lumbar spine flexion-extension in asymptomatic individuals, Spine, 14, 327, 10.1097/00007632-198903000-00014 Hitselberger, 1968, Abnormal myelograms in asymptomatic patients, Journal of Neurosurgery, 28, 204, 10.3171/jns.1968.28.3.0204 Holt, 1968, The question of lumbar discography, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 50A, 720, 10.2106/00004623-196850040-00007 Jackson, 1992, The facet syndrome. Myth or reality?, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 279, 110 Jensen, 1994, Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain, New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 69, 10.1056/NEJM199407143310201 Jinkins, 1993, MR of enhancing nerve roots in the unoperated lumbosacral spine, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 14, 193 Kent, 1992, Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis in adults: a metaanalysis of the accuracy of CT, MR, and myelography, American Journal of Roentgenology, 158, 1135, 10.2214/ajr.158.5.1533084 Kent, 1994, The clinical efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging in neuroimaging, Annals of Internal Medicine, 120, 856, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-10-199405150-00007 Kobayashi, 1993, Vasogenic edema induced by compression injury to the spinal nerve root. Distribution of intravenously injected protein tracers and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Spine, 18, 1410, 10.1097/00007632-199309010-00004 Lane, 1995, Contrast-enhanced radicular veins on MR of the lumbar spine in an asymptomatic study group, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16, 269 Magora, 1976, Relation between the low back pain syndrome and X-ray findings. I. Degenerative osteoarthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 8, 115 Modic, 1988, Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging, Radiology, 166, 193, 10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336678 Modic, 1995, Contrast-enhanced MR imaging in acute lumbar radiculopathy: a pilot study of the natural history, Radiology, 195, 429, 10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724762 Mooney, 1976, The facet syndrome, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 115, 149 Nachemson, 1983, Work for all. For those with low back pain as well, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 179, 77 Nachemson, 1989, Lumbar discography—Where are we today?, Spine, 14, 555, 10.1097/00007632-198906000-00001 Nachemson, 1992, Newest knowledge of low back pain. A critical look, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 279, 8 Nguyen, 1995, Contrast enhancement in spinal nerve roots: an experimental study, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16, 265 Park, 1985, Spondylarthrography: the demonstration of spondylolysis by apophyseal joint arthrography, Clinical Radiology, 36, 427, 10.1016/S0009-9260(85)80333-0 Parkkola, 1993, Magnetic resonance imaging of the discs and trunk muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and healthy control subjects, Spine, 18, 830, 10.1097/00007632-199306000-00004 Pearcy, 1985, Is there instability in spondylolisthesis, Spine, 10, 175, 10.1097/00007632-198503000-00014 Penning, 1987, Posture-dependent bilateral compression of L4 or L5 nerve roots in facet hypertrophy: a dynamic CT myelographic study, Spine, 12, 488, 10.1097/00007632-198706000-00013 Penning, 1984, Inability to prove instability. A critical appraisal of clinical-radiological flexion-extension studies in lumbar disc degeneration, Diagnostic Imaging in Clinical Medicine, 53, 186 Pope, 1992, Diagnosing instability, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 279, 60 Powell, 1986, Prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration observed by magnetic resonance in symptomless women, Lancet, ii, 1366, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92008-8 Rahmouni, 1993, Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging, American Journal of Roentgenology, 160, 1049, 10.2214/ajr.160.5.8470574 Rhea, 1980, The oblique view: an unnecessary component of the initial adult lumbar spine examination, Radiology, 134, 45, 10.1148/radiology.134.1.7350633 Sanal, 1994, Detection of bone marrow involvement in breast cancer with magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12, 1415, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.7.1415 Schmid, 1997, Influence of inclined and reclined position to cross sectional area of the spinal canal: experiences with functional imaging of the lumbar spine in the upright position on an open MR system, 428 Schwarzer, 1995, The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain, Spine, 20, 31, 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00007 Schwarzer, 1994, The false-positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophysial joints, Pain, 58, 195, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90199-6 Shanley, 1995, Tuberculosis of the spine: imaging features, American Journal of Roentgenology, 164, 659, 10.2214/ajr.164.3.7863889 Splithoff, 1953, Lumbosacral junction: roentgenographic comparison of patients with and without backaches, Journal of the American Medical Association, 152, 1610, 10.1001/jama.1953.03690170024008 Stanley, 1990, A prospective study of nerve root infiltration in the diagnosis of sciatica. A comparison with radiculography, computed tomography, and operative findings, Spine, 15, 540, 10.1097/00007632-199006000-00020 Stokes, 1990, Reliability of radiographic studies, 337 Suh, 1991, Repair of pars interarticularis defect. The prognostic value of pars infiltration, Spine, 16, S445, 10.1097/00007632-199108001-00027 Tallroth, 1992, Lumbar mobility in asymptomatic individuals, Journal of Spinal Disorders, 5, 481, 10.1097/00002517-199212000-00014 Tertti, 1991, Low-back pain and disk degeneration in children: a case-control MR imaging study, Radiology, 180, 503, 10.1148/radiology.180.2.1829844 Thornbury, 1993, Disk-caused nerve compression in patients with acute low-back pain: diagnosis with MR, CT myelography, and plain CT, Radiology, 186, 731, 10.1148/radiology.186.3.8267688 Torgerson, 1976, Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery—American Volume, 58A, 850, 10.2106/00004623-197658060-00017 Waddell, 1990, A new clinical model for the treatment of low back pain, 38 Walsh, 1990, Lumbar discography in normal subjects. A controlled, prospective study, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery—American Volume, 72A, 1081, 10.2106/00004623-199072070-00019 Weinstein, 1988, The pain of discography, Spine, 13, 1344, 10.1097/00007632-198812000-00002 Wiesel, 1984, A study of computer-assisted tomography. I. The incidence of positive CAT scans in an asymptomatic group of patients, Spine, 9, 549, 10.1097/00007632-198409000-00003 Wilmink, 1985, Influence of spinal posture on abnormalities demonstrated by lumbar myelography, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 4, 656 Wilmink, 1984, Role of stosis of the spinal canal in L4–L5 nerve root compression assessed by flexion-extension myelography, Neuroradiology, 26, 173, 10.1007/BF00342411 Zinreich, 1997, Computed tomography of the spine, 443