Second International Consensus Conference on lesions of uncertain malignant potential in the breast (B3 lesions)

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 174 Số 2 - Trang 279-296 - 2019
Christoph Rageth1, Elizabeth O’Flynn2, Katja Pinker3, R. Huch4, Alexander Mundinger5,6, Thomas Decker7, Christoph Tausch8, Florian Dammann9, Pascal Baltzer10, Eva Maria Fallenberg11, Maria Pia Foschini12, Sophie Dellas13, Michael Knauer14, Caroline Malhaire15, Martin Sonnenschein16, Andreas Boos17, Elizabeth A. Morris3, Zsuzsanna Varga18
1Département de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique, Centre du sein, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Bd de la Cluse 30, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
2The Rose Centre, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Perimeter Road, London, SW17 0QT, UK
3Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 E 66th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
4Department of Medical Services, Institute of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden, im Ergel, 5404, Baden, Switzerland
5Marienhospital Osnabrück, Bischofsstraße 1, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
6Zentrum Radiologie der Niels-Stensen-Kliniken
7Institut für Pathologie am Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
8Brust-Zentrum Zürich, Seefeldstr. 214, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
9Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Diagnostic, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
10Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
11Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
12Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Anatomic Pathology at Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
13Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
14Breast Center St. Gallen, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
15Imaging Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
16Division of Radiology, Breast Center Bern (Brustzentrum Bern), Klinik Engeried, Lindenhofgruppe AG, Riedweg 15, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
17Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistr. 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
18Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland Schmelzbergstrasse 12., 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bianchi S, Caini S, Renne G, Cassano E, Ambrogetti D, Cattani MG, Saguatti G, Chiaramondia M, Bellotti E, Bottiglieri R et al (2011) Positive predictive value for malignancy on surgical excision of breast lesions of uncertain malignant potential (B3) diagnosed by stereotactic vacuum-assisted needle core biopsy (VANCB): a large multi-institutional study in Italy. Breast 20(3):264–270

O’Flynn EA, Wilson AR, Michell MJ (2010) Image-guided breast biopsy: state-of-the-art. Clin Radiol 65(4):259–270

Houssami N, Ciatto S, Ellis I, Ambrogetti D (2007) Underestimation of malignancy of breast core-needle biopsy: concepts and precise overall and category-specific estimates. Cancer 109(3):487–495

Renshaw AA, Gould EW (2016) Long term clinical follow-up of atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ in breast core needle biopsies. Pathology 48(1):25–29

Strachan C, Horgan K, Millican-Slater RA, Shaaban AM, Sharma N (2016) Outcome of a new patient pathway for managing B3 breast lesions by vacuum-assisted biopsy: time to change current UK practice? J Clin Pathol 69(3):248–254

El-Sayed ME, Rakha EA, Reed J, Lee AH, Evans AJ, Ellis IO (2008) Predictive value of needle core biopsy diagnoses of lesions of uncertain malignant potential (B3) in abnormalities detected by mammographic screening. Histopathology 53(6):650–657

Rageth CJ, O’Flynn EA, Comstock C, Kurtz C, Kubik R, Madjar H, Lepori D, Kampmann G, Mundinger A, Baege A et al (2016) First International Consensus Conference on lesions of uncertain malignant potential in the breast (B3 lesions). Breast Cancer Res Treat 159(2):203–213

Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C, Tornberg S, Holland R, von Karsa L (2008) European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition-summary document. Ann Oncol 19(4):614–622

Wells CA, Amendoeira I, Bellocq JP, Bianchi S, Boecker W, Borisch B, Bruun Rasmussen B, Callagy GM, Chmielik E, Cordoba A, Cserni G, Decker T, DeGaetano J, Drijkoningen M, Ellis IO, Faverly DR, Foschini MP, Frkovic-Grazio S, Grabau D, Heikkilä P, Iacovou E, Jacquemier J, Kaya H, Kulka J, Lacerda M, Liepniece-Karele I, Martinez-Penuela J, Quinn CM, Rank Ft, Regitnig P, Reiner A, Sapino A, Tot T, Van Diest PJ, Varga Z, Wesseling J, Zolota V, Zozaya-Alvarez E (2012) S2: Pathology update. Quality assurance guidelines for pathology. In: Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C, Törnberg S, Holland R, von Karsa L (eds) European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition/ Supplements. European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp 73–120

Ahn HS, Jang M, Kim SM, Yun BL, Kim SW, Kang EY, Park SY (2016) Diagnosis of columnar cell lesions and atypical ductal hyperplasia by ultrasound-guided core biopsy: findings associated with underestimation of breast carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 42(7):1457–1463

Badan GM, Roveda Junior D, Piato S, Fleury Ede F, Campos MS, Pecci CA, Ferreira FA, D’Avila C (2016) Diagnostic underestimation of atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ at percutaneous core needle and vacuum-assisted biopsies of the breast in a Brazilian reference institution. Radiol Bras 49(1):6–11

Co M, Kwong A, Shek T (2018) Factors affecting the under-diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosed by core needle biopsies: a 10-year retrospective study and review of the literature. Int J Surg (Lond Engl) 49:27–31

Collins LC, Aroner SA, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ, Tamimi RM (2016) Breast cancer risk by extent and type of atypical hyperplasia: an update from the Nurses’ Health Studies. Cancer 122(4):515–520

Degnim AC, Dupont WD, Radisky DC, Vierkant RA, Frank RD, Frost MH, Winham SJ, Sanders ME, Smith JR, Page DL et al (2016) Extent of atypical hyperplasia stratifies breast cancer risk in 2 independent cohorts of women. Cancer 122(19):2971–2978

Donaldson AR, McCarthy C, Goraya S, Pederson HJ, Sturgis CD, Grobmyer SR, Calhoun BC (2018) Breast cancer risk associated with atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ initially diagnosed on core-needle biopsy. Cancer 124(3):459–465

Khoury T, Li Z, Sanati S, Desouki MM, Chen X, Wang D, Liu S, Karabakhtsian R, Kumar P, Reig B (2016) The risk of upgrade for atypical ductal hyperplasia detected on magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsy: a study of 100 cases from four academic institutions. Histopathology 68(5):713–721

Latronico A, Nicosia L, Faggian A, Abbate F, Penco S, Bozzini A, Cannataci C, Mazzarol G, Cassano E (2018) Atypical ductal hyperplasia: our experience in the management and long term clinical follow-up in 71 patients. Breast 37:1–5

Menen RS, Ganesan N, Bevers T, Ying J, Coyne R, Lane D, Albarracin C, Bedrosian I (2017) Long-Term safety of observation in selected women following core biopsy diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Ann Surg Oncol 24(1):70–76

Menes TS, Kerlikowske K, Lange J, Jaffer S, Rosenberg R, Miglioretti DL (2017) Subsequent breast cancer risk following diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia on needle biopsy. JAMA Oncol 3(1):36–41

Mesurolle B, Perez JC, Azzumea F, Lemercier E, Xie X, Aldis A, Omeroglu A, Meterissian S (2014) Atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosed at sonographically guided core needle biopsy: frequency, final surgical outcome, and factors associated with underestimation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202(6):1389–1394

Pena A, Shah SS, Fazzio RT, Hoskin TL, Brahmbhatt RD, Hieken TJ, Jakub JW, Boughey JC, Visscher DW, Degnim AC (2017) Multivariate model to identify women at low risk of cancer upgrade after a core needle biopsy diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 164(2):295–304

Yu CC, Ueng SH, Cheung YC, Shen SC, Kuo WL, Tsai HP, Lo YF, Chen SC (2015) Predictors of underestimation of malignancy after image-guided core needle biopsy diagnosis of flat epithelial atypia or atypical ductal hyperplasia. Breast J 21(3):224–232

Acott AA, Mancino AT (2016) Flat epithelial atypia on core needle biopsy, must we surgically excise? Am J Surg 212(6):1211–1213

Berry JS, Trappey AF, Vreeland TJ, Pattyn AR, Clifton GT, Berry EA, Schneble EJ, Kirkpatrick AD, Saenger JS, Peoples GE (2016) Analysis of clinical and pathologic factors of pure, flat epithelial atypia on core needle biopsy to aid in the decision of excision or observation. J Cancer 7(1):1–6

Chan PMY, Chotai N, Lai ES, Sin PY, Chen J, Lu SQ, Goh MH, Chong BK, Ho BCS, Tan EY (2018) Majority of flat epithelial atypia diagnosed on biopsy do not require surgical excision. Breast 37:13–17

Dialani V, Venkataraman S, Frieling G, Schnitt SJ, Mehta TS (2014) Does isolated flat epithelial atypia on vacuum-assisted breast core biopsy require surgical excision? Breast J 20(6):606–614

Lamb LR, Bahl M, Gadd MA, Lehman CD: Flat epithelial atypia: upgrade rates and risk-stratification approach to support informed decision making. J Am Coll Surg 2017

McCroskey Z, Sneige N, Herman CR, Miller RA, Venta LA, Ro JY, Schwartz MR, Ayala AG: Flat epithelial atypia in directional vacuum-assisted biopsy of breast microcalcifications: surgical excision may not be necessary. Mod Pathol 2018

Rudin AV, Hoskin TL, Fahy A, Farrell AM, Nassar A, Ghosh K, Degnim AC (2017) Flat epithelial atypia on core biopsy and upgrade to cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 24(12):3549–3558

Samples LS, Rendi MH, Frederick PD, Allison KH, Nelson HD, Morgan TR, Weaver DL, Elmore JG (2017) Surgical implications and variability in the use of the flat epithelial atypia diagnosis on breast biopsy specimens. Breast 34:34–43

Schiaffino S, Gristina L, Villa A, Tosto S, Monetti F, Carli F, Calabrese M (2018) Flat epithelial atypia: conservative management of patients without residual microcalcifications post-vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. Br J Radiol 91(1081):20170484

Yamashita Y, Ichihara S, Moritani S, Yoon HS, Yamaguchi M (2016) Does flat epithelial atypia have rounder nuclei than columnar cell change/hyperplasia? A morphometric approach to columnar cell lesions of the breast. Virchows Arch 468(6):663–673

Dabbs DJ, Schnitt SJ, Geyer FC, Weigelt B, Baehner FL, Decker T, Eusebi V, Fox SB, Ichihara S, Lakhani SR et al (2013) Lobular neoplasia of the breast revisited with emphasis on the role of E-cadherin immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 37(7):e1–e11

Fasola CE, Chen JJ, Jensen KC, Allison KH, Horst KC (2018) Characteristics and clinical outcomes of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast J 24(1):66–69

Flanagan MR, Rendi MH, Calhoun KE, Anderson BO, Javid SH (2015) Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ: radiologic-pathologic features and clinical management. Ann Surg Oncol 22(13):4263–4269

Sullivan ME, Khan SA, Sullu Y, Schiller C, Susnik B (2010) Lobular carcinoma in situ variants in breast cores: potential for misdiagnosis, upgrade rates at surgical excision, and practical implications. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134(7):1024–1028

AGO (2018) Läsionen unsicheres Potential. https://www.ago-online.de/fileadmin/downloads/leitlinien/mamma/2018-03/AGO_2018_PDF_Deutsch/2018D%2006_Laesionen%20unsicheres%20Potential.pdf

Haagensen CD, Lane N, Lattes R, Bodian C (1978) Lobular neoplasia (so-called lobular carcinoma in situ) of the breast. Cancer 42(2):737–769

Fisher ER, Land SR, Fisher B, Mamounas E, Gilarski L, Wolmark N (2004) Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: twelve-year observations concerning lobular carcinoma in situ. Cancer 100(2):238–244

King TA, Pilewskie M, Muhsen S, Patil S, Mautner SK, Park A, Oskar S, Guerini-Rocco E, Boafo C, Gooch JC et al (2015) Lobular carcinoma in situ: a 29-year longitudinal experience evaluating clinicopathologic features and breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 33(33):3945–3952

Ansquer Y, Delaney S, Santulli P, Salomon L, Carbonne B, Salmon R (2010) Risk of invasive breast cancer after lobular intra-epithelial neoplasia: review of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 36(7):604–609

Chuba PJ, Hamre MR, Yap J, Severson RK, Lucas D, Shamsa F, Aref A (2005) Bilateral risk for subsequent breast cancer after lobular carcinoma-in-situ: analysis of surveillance, epidemiology, and end results data. J Clin Oncol 23(24):5534–5541

Blair SL, Emerson DK, Kulkarni S, Hwang ES, Malcarne V, Ollila DW (2013) Breast surgeon’s survey: no consensus for surgical treatment of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ. Breast J 19(1):116–118

Bodian CA, Perzin KH, Lattes R (1996) Lobular neoplasia. Long term risk of breast cancer and relation to other factors. Cancer 78(5):1024–1034

Cavallaro U, Dejana E (2011) Adhesion molecule signalling: not always a sticky business. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12(3):189–197

Chen YY, Hwang ES, Roy R, DeVries S, Anderson J, Wa C, Fitzgibbons PL, Jacobs TW, MacGrogan G, Peterse H et al (2009) Genetic and phenotypic characteristics of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol 33(11):1683–1694

Susnik B, Day D, Abeln E, Bowman T, Krueger J, Swenson KK, Tsai ML, Bretzke ML, Lillemoe TJ (2016) Surgical outcomes of lobular neoplasia diagnosed in core biopsy: prospective study of 316 cases. Clin Breast Cancer 16(6):507–513

Muller KE, Roberts E, Zhao L, Jorns JM (2018) Isolated atypical lobular hyperplasia diagnosed on breast biopsy: low upgrade rate on subsequent excision with long-term follow-up. Arch Pathol Lab Med 142(3):391–395

Szynglarewicz B, Kasprzak P, Halon A, Matkowski R (2017) Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast - correlation between minimally invasive biopsy and final pathology. Archiv Med Sci 13(3):617–623

Calhoun BC, Collie AM, Lott-Limbach AA, Udoji EN, Sieck LR, Booth CN, Downs-Kelly E (2016) Lobular neoplasia diagnosed on breast Core biopsy: frequency of carcinoma on excision and implications for management. Ann Diagn Pathol 25:20–25

Fives C, O’Neill CJ, Murphy R, Corrigan MA, O’Sullivan MJ, Feeley L, Bennett MW, O’Connell F, Browne TJ (2016) When pathological and radiological correlation is achieved, excision of fibroadenoma with lobular neoplasia on core biopsy is not warranted. Breast 30:125–129

Mao K, Yang Y, Wu W, Liang S, Deng H, Liu J (2017) Risk of second breast cancers after lobular carcinoma in situ according to hormone receptor status. PLoS ONE 12(5):e0176417

Maxwell AJ, Clements K, Dodwell DJ, Evans AJ, Francis A, Hussain M, Morris J, Pinder SE, Sawyer EJ, Thomas J et al (2016) The radiological features, diagnosis and management of screen-detected lobular neoplasia of the breast: Findings from the Sloane Project. Breast 27:109–115

Nakhlis F, Gilmore L, Gelman R, Bedrosian I, Ludwig K, Hwang ES, Willey S, Hudis C, Iglehart JD, Lawler E et al (2016) Incidence of adjacent synchronous invasive carcinoma and/or ductal carcinoma In-situ in patients with lobular neoplasia on core biopsy: results from a prospective multi-institutional registry (TBCRC 020). Ann Surg Oncol 23(3):722–728

Schmidt H, Arditi B, Wooster M, Weltz C, Margolies L, Bleiweiss I, Port E, Jaffer S: Observation versus excision of lobular neoplasia on core needle biopsy of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018

Sen LQ, Berg WA, Hooley RJ, Carter GJ, Desouki MM, Sumkin JH (2016) Core breast biopsies showing lobular carcinoma in situ should be excised and surveillance is reasonable for atypical lobular hyperplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 207(5):1132–1145

Xie ZM, Sun J, Hu ZY, Wu YP, Liu P, Tang J, Xiao XS, Wei WD, Wang X, Xie XM et al (2017) Survival outcomes of patients with lobular carcinoma in situ who underwent bilateral mastectomy or partial mastectomy. Eur J Cancer 82:6–15

Ahn SK, Han W, Moon HG, Kim MK, Noh DY, Jung BW, Kim SW, Ko E (2018) Management of benign papilloma without atypia diagnosed at ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy: scoring system for predicting malignancy. Eur J Surg Oncol 44(1):53–58

Armes JE, Galbraith C, Gray J, Taylor K (2017) The outcome of papillary lesions of the breast diagnosed by standard core needle biopsy within a BreastScreen Australia service. Pathology 49(3):267–270

Bianchi S, Bendinelli B, Saladino V, Vezzosi V, Brancato B, Nori J, Palli D (2015) Non-malignant breast papillary lesions - b3 diagnosed on ultrasound-guided 14-gauge needle core biopsy: analysis of 114 cases from a single institution and review of the literature. Pathol Oncol Res 21(3):535–546

Khan S, Diaz A, Archer KJ, Lehman RR, Mullins T, Cardenosa G, Bear HD: Papillary lesions of the breast: To excise or observe? Breast J 2017

Kim SY, Kim EK, Lee HS, Kim MJ, Yoon JH, Koo JS, Moon HJ (2016) Asymptomatic benign papilloma without atypia diagnosed at ultrasonography-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy: which subgroup can be managed by observation? Ann Surg Oncol 23(6):1860–1866

Ko D, Kang E, Park SY, Kim SM, Jang M, Yun B, Chae S, Jang Y, Kim HJ, Kim SW et al (2017) The management strategy of benign solitary intraductal papilloma on breast core biopsy. Clin Breast Cancer 17(5):367–372

Moon SM, Jung HK, Ko KH, Kim Y, Lee KS (2016) Management of clinically and mammographically occult benign papillary lesions diagnosed at ultrasound-guided 14-gauge breast core needle biopsy. J Ultrasound Med 35(11):2325–2332

Niinikoski L, Hukkinen K, Leidenius MHK, Stahls A, Meretoja TJ (2018) Breast Lesion Excision System in the diagnosis and treatment of intraductal papillomas: a feasibility study. Eur J Surg Oncol 44(1):59–66

Pareja F, Corben AD, Brennan SB, Murray MP, Bowser ZL, Jakate K, Sebastiano C, Morrow M, Morris EA, Brogi E (2016) Breast intraductal papillomas without atypia in radiologic-pathologic concordant core-needle biopsies: rate of upgrade to carcinoma at excision. Cancer 122(18):2819–2827

Seely JM, Verma R, Kielar A, Smyth KR, Hack K, Taljaard M, Gravel D, Ellison E (2017) Benign papillomas of the breast diagnosed on large-gauge vacuum biopsy compared with 14 gauge core needle biopsy-do they require surgical excision? Breast J 23(2):146–153

Tatarian T, Sokas C, Rufail M, Lazar M, Malhotra S, Palazzo JP, Hsu E, Tsangaris T, Berger AC (2016) Intraductal papilloma with benign pathology on breast core biopsy: to excise or not? Ann Surg Oncol 23(8):2501–2507

Tran HT, Mursleen A, Mirpour S, Ghanem O, Farha MJ (2017) Papillary breast lesions: association with malignancy and upgrade rates on surgical excision. Am Surg 83(11):1294–1297

Wyss P, Varga Z, Rossle M, Rageth CJ (2014) Papillary lesions of the breast: outcomes of 156 patients managed without excisional biopsy. Breast J 20(4):394–401

Yamaguchi R, Tanaka M, Tse GM, Yamaguchi M, Terasaki H, Hirai Y, Nonaka Y, Morita M, Yokoyama T, Kanomata N et al (2015) Management of breast papillary lesions diagnosed in ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted and core needle biopsies. Histopathology 66(4):565–576

Yang Y, Fan Z, Liu Y, He Y, Ouyang T (2018) Is surgical excision necessary in breast papillomas 10 mm or smaller at core biopsy. Oncol Res Treat 41(1–2):29–34

Co M, Chen C, Tsang JY, Tse G, Kwong A (2017) Mammary phyllodes tumour: a 15-year multicentre clinical review. J Clin Pathol 71:493–497

Ouyang Q, Li S, Tan C, Zeng Y, Zhu L, Song E, Chen K, Su F (2016) Benign phyllodes tumor of the breast diagnosed after ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy: surgical excision or wait-and-watch? Ann Surg Oncol 23(4):1129–1134

Sevinc AI, Aksoy SO, Guray Durak M, Balci P (2018) Is the extent of surgical resection important in patient outcome in benign and borderline phyllodes tumors of the breast? Turk J Med Sci 48(1):28–33

Shaaban M, Barthelmes L (2017) Benign phyllodes tumours of the breast: (over) treatment of margins: a literature review. Eur J Surg Oncol 43(7):1186–1190

Youk JH, Kim H, Kim EK, Son EJ, Kim MJ, Kim JA (2015) Phyllodes tumor diagnosed after ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted excision: should it be followed by surgical excision? Ultrasound Med Biol 41(3):741–747

Zhou ZR, Wang CC, Sun XJ, Yang ZZ, Yu XL, Guo XM (2016) Diagnostic performance of core needle biopsy in identifying breast phyllodes tumors. J Thorac Dis 8(11):3139–3151

Hamperl H (1975) Radial scars (scarring) and obliterating mastopathy (author’s transl). Virchows Archiv A 369(1):55–68

Eusebi V, Grassigli A, Grosso F (1976) [Breast sclero-elastotic focal lesions simulating infiltrating carcinoma]. Pathologica 68(985–986):507–518

Donaldson AR, Sieck L, Booth CN, Calhoun BC (2016) Radial scars diagnosed on breast core biopsy: frequency of atypia and carcinoma on excision and implications for management. Breast 30:201–207

Ferreira AI, Borges S, Sousa A, Ribeiro C, Mesquita A, Martins PC, Peyroteo M, Coimbra N, Leal C, Reis P et al (2017) Radial scar of the breast: is it possible to avoid surgery? Eur J Surg Oncol 43(7):1265–1272

Hou Y, Hooda S, Li Z (2016) Surgical excision outcome after radial scar without atypical proliferative lesion on breast core needle biopsy: a single institutional analysis. Ann Diagn Pathol 21:35–38

Kalife ET, Lourenco AP, Baird GL, Wang Y (2016) Clinical and radiologic follow-up study for biopsy diagnosis of radial scar/radial sclerosing lesion without other atypia. Breast J 22(6):637–644

Kim EM, Hankins A, Cassity J, McDonald D, White B, Rowberry R, Dutton S, Snyder C (2016) Isolated radial scar diagnosis by core-needle biopsy: Is surgical excision necessary? SpringerPlus 5:398

Leong RY, Kohli MK, Zeizafoun N, Liang A, Tartter PI (2016) Radial scar at percutaneous breast biopsy that does not require surgery. J Am Coll Surg 223(5):712–716

Li Z, Ranade A, Zhao C (2016) Pathologic findings of follow-up surgical excision for radial scar on breast core needle biopsy. Hum Pathol 48:76–80

Miller CL, West JA, Bettini AC, Koerner FC, Gudewicz TM, Freer PE, Coopey SB, Gadd MA, Hughes KS, Smith BL et al (2014) Surgical excision of radial scars diagnosed by core biopsy may help predict future risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145(2):331–338

Nassar A, Conners AL, Celik B, Jenkins SM, Smith CY, Hieken TJ (2015) Radial scar/complex sclerosing lesions: a clinicopathologic correlation study from a single institution. Ann Diagn Pathol 19(1):24–28

Park VY, Kim EK, Kim MJ, Yoon JH, Moon HJ (2016) Mammographically occult asymptomatic radial scars/complex sclerosing lesions at ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy: follow-up can be recommended. Ultrasound Med Biol 42(10):2367–2371

Bahl M, Barzilay R, Yedidia AB, Locascio NJ, Yu L, Lehman CD: High-risk breast lesions: a machine learning model to predict pathologic upgrade and reduce unnecessary surgical excision. Radiology 2017:170549

Shaffer K (2018) Can machine learning be used to generate a model to improve management of high-risk breast lesions? Radiology 286(3):819–821

NHS (2016) NHS Breast Screening Programme. Clinical guidance for breast cancer screening assessment. NHSBSP publication number 49, Fourth edition November 2016

Thill M, Liedtke C, Muller V, Janni W, Schmidt M (2018) AGO recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer: update 2018. Breast Care (Basel) 13(3):209–215