American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA), EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples. A preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association, Sleep 15 (1992) 174–184.
American Sleep Disorders Association, Practice parameters for the use of polysomnography in the evaluation of insomnia, Sleep 18 (1995) 55–57.
R.M. Benca, Mood disorders, in: M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, W.C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, third ed., WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2000, pp. 1140–1157.
Benca, 1992, Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 651, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010
Bonnet, 1996, The consequences of a week of insomnia, Sleep, 19, 453, 10.1093/sleep/19.6.453
Bonnet, 1997, Hyperarousal and insomnia, Sleep Med. Rev., 1, 97, 10.1016/S1087-0792(97)90012-5
Borbely, 1982, A two process model of sleep regulation, Hum. Neurobiol., 1, 195
Boselli, 1998, Effect of age on EEG arousals in normal sleep, Sleep, 21, 351
Buysse, 2000, Rational pharmacotherapy for insomnia: time for a new paradigm, Sleep Med. Rev., 4, 521, 10.1053/smrv.2000.0134
Carskadon, 1976, Self-reports versus sleep laboratory findings in 122 drug-free subjects with complaints of chronic insomnia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 133, 1382, 10.1176/ajp.133.12.1382
Chesson, 2000, Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Sleep, 23, 237
De Carli, 2004, Quantitative analysis of sleep EEG microstructure in the time–frequency domain, Brain Res. Bull., 63, 399, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.12.013
DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth ed., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1994.
Farina, 2003, Microstructure of sleep in depressed patients according to the cyclic alternating pattern, J. Affect. Disord., 77, 227, 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00147-7
Ferri, 2000, Cyclic alternating pattern and spectral analysis of heart rate variability during normal sleep, J. Sleep Res., 9, 13, 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00190.x
Ferrillo, 1997, Comparison between visual scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and computerized assessment of slow EEG oscillations in the transition from light to deep non-REM sleep, J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 14, 210, 10.1097/00004691-199705000-00005
Halasz, 1993, Arousals without awakening. Dynamic aspect of sleep, Physiol. Behav., 54, 795, 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90094-V
Halasz, 1998, Hierarchy of micro-arousals and the microstructure of sleep, Neurophysiol. Clin., 28, 461, 10.1016/S0987-7053(99)80016-1
Halasz, 1979, Micro-arosuals during nocturnal sleep, Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 54, 1
P. Hauri, Primary insomnia, in: M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, W.C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, third ed., WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2000, pp. 633–639.
Hornyak, 1991, Sympathetic muscle nerve activity during sleep in man, Brain, 114, 1281, 10.1093/brain/114.3.1281
International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee, Allen Press, Lawrence, 1990.
Martin, 1997, Microarousals in patients with apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome, J. Sleep Res., 6, 276, 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1997.00276.x
Martin, 1997, The effect of nonvisible sleep fragmentation on daytime function, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care. Med., 155, 1596, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154863
Mercer, 2002, Insomniacs’ perception of wake instead of sleep, Sleep, 25, 564, 10.1093/sleep/25.5.559
Merica, 1998, Spectral characteristics of sleep EEG in chronic insomnia, Eur. J. Neurosci., 10, 126, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00189.x
Ohayon, 2002, Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn, Sleep Med. Rev., 6, 97, 10.1053/smrv.2002.0186
Parrino, 1997, Multi-drug comparison (lorazepam, triazolam, zolpidem, zopiclone) in situational insomnia: polysomnographic analysis by means of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), Clin. Neuropharmacol., 20, 253, 10.1097/00002826-199706000-00010
Parrino, 1998, Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in normal sleep: polysomnographic parameters in different age groups, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 107, 439, 10.1016/S0013-4694(98)00108-4
Parrino, 2000, Sleep reactivity during acute nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, Neurology, 54, 1633, 10.1212/WNL.54.8.1633
Parrino, 1994, Clinical and polysomnographic effects of trazodone CR in chronic insomnia associated with dysthymia, Psychopharmacology, 116, 389, 10.1007/BF02247467
Parrino, 1996, Polysomnographic effects of hypnotic drugs, Psychopharmacology, 126, 1, 10.1007/BF02246405
Perlis, 2001, Beta EEG activity and insomnia, Sleep Med. Rev., 5, 365, 10.1053/smrv.2001.0151
Poyares, 2002, Arousal, EEG spectral power and pulse transit time in UARS and mild OSAS subjects, Clin. Neurophysiol., 113, 1598, 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00214-6
A. Rechtschaffen, A. Kales (Eds.), A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 1968.
Reite, 1995, The use of polysomnography in the evaluation of insomnia, Sleep, 18, 58, 10.1093/sleep/18.1.58
Rosa, 2000, Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography, Psychosom. Med., 62, 474, 10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004
Rush, 1998, Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 44, 3, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00092-4
Sforza, 2000, Cardiac activation during arousal in humans: further evidence for hierarchy in the arousal response, Clin. Neurophysiol., 111, 1611, 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00363-1
Smith, 2002, Neuroimaging of NREM sleep in primary insomnia: a TC-99-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography study, Sleep, 25, 325
Terzano, 1985, The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep, Sleep, 8, 137, 10.1093/sleep/8.2.137
M.G. Terzano, L. Parrino, Functional relationship between micro- and macro-structure of sleep, in: M.G. Terzano, P. Halasz, A.C. Declerck (Eds.), Phasic Events and Dynamic Organization of Sleep, Raven Press, New York, 1991, pp. 101–119.
Terzano, 1992, Evaluation of EEG cyclic alternating pattern during sleep in insomniacs and controls under placebo and acute treatment with zolpidem, Sleep, 15, 64, 10.1093/sleep/15.1.64
Terzano, 1993, Clinical applications of cyclic alternating pattern, Physiol. Behav., 54, 807, 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90096-X
Terzano, 2000, Origin and significance of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), Sleep Med. Rev., 4, 101, 10.1053/smrv.1999.0083
Terzano, 2000, CAP components and EEG synchronization in the first three sleep cycles, Clin. Neurophysiol., 111, 283, 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00245-X
Terzano, 1990, Modifications of sleep structure induced by increasing levels of acoustic perturbation in normal subjects, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 76, 29, 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90055-O
M.G. Terzano, L. Parrino, G.F. Mennuni (Eds.), Phasic events and microstructure of sleep, in: Consensus Conference, Italian Association of Sleep Medicine (AIMS), Lecce, Martano Editore, 1997, pp. 1–161.
Terzano, 2001, Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep, Sleep Med., 2, 537, 10.1016/S1389-9457(01)00149-6
Terzano, 2003, CAP variables and arousals as sleep electroencephalogram markers for primary insomnia, Clin. Neurophysiol., 114, 1715, 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00136-6
Thomas, 2002, Cyclic alternating pattern and positive airway pressure titration, Sleep Med., 3, 31, 10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00002-3