Separation of enantiomers: needs, challenges, perspectives

Wainer, 1993 Aboul-Enein, 1997 Caldwell, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 694, 39, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00812-N Caldwell, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 719, 3, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00465-3 Ariens, 1986, Med. Res. Rev., 6, 451, 10.1002/med.2610060404 Lee, 1990, Clin. Pharmacokinet., 18, 339, 10.2165/00003088-199018050-00001 Caldwell, 1995, Chem. Ind., 176 Chirality 4 (1992) 338. Shindo, 1991, Chirality, 3, 91, 10.1002/chir.530030202 Blumenstein, 1997, 11 Brown, 1994, 57 Mori, 1997, Chem. Commun., 13, 1153, 10.1039/a606625i Friedman, 1999, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 3457, 10.1021/jf990080u Blanch, 1998, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 3153, 10.1021/jf9800209 del Castillo, 1998, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 5128, 10.1021/jf9807014 Schurig, 1990, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 191, 28, 10.1007/BF01202361 Güntert, 1991, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 192, 108, 10.1007/BF01202621 Podebrad, 1997, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 20, 355, 10.1002/jhrc.1240200703 Meyer, 1991, ACS Symp. Ser., 471, 217, 10.1021/bk-1991-0471.ch013 Cronin, 1997, Science, 275, 951, 10.1126/science.275.5302.951 Stinson, 1997, Chem. Eng. News, 75, 38 Stinson, 1998, Chem. Eng. News, 76, 83, 10.1021/cen-v076n038.p083 Stinson, 1999, Chem. Eng. News, 77, 101, 10.1021/cen-v077n041.p101 Thayer, 1998, Chem. Eng. News, 76, 25, 10.1021/cen-v076n008.p025 Brennan, 1999, Chem. Eng. News, 77, 7 Lewis, 1997, Scientist, 11, 1 Blaser, 1999, Chimia, 53, 275, 10.2533/chimia.1999.275 Rogers, 1999, Chem. Eng. News, 77, 17 Rogers, 1999, Chem. Eng. News, 77, 20 Chem. Ind. 34 (1998) 24. McCoy, 1999, Chem. Eng. News, 77, 10 Lindner, 1995, Vol. E 21a, 225 Francotte, 1998, Chirality, 10, 492, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:5<492::AID-CHIR12>3.0.CO;2-V Kagawa, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 857, 127, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00780-3 Allenmark, 1983, J. Chromatogr., 264, 63, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)95006-X Allenmark, 1991 Allenmark, 1994, 183 Allenmark, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 166, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80379-X Hjertén, 1992, Nature, 356, 810, 10.1038/356810a0 Wainer, 1993, J. Pharm. Pharmacology, 45, 367 Dorsey, 1996, Anal. Chem., 68, 515, 10.1021/a19600202 Nyström, 1999, Chromatographia, 50, 209, 10.1007/BF02490653 Strandberg, 1999, Chromatographia, 50, 215, 10.1007/BF02490654 Stalcup, 1994, 95 Ward, 1988, Vol. 40, 131 Menges, 1991, 67 Han, 1997, Biomed. Chromatogr., 11, 259, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199709)11:5<259::AID-BMC701>3.0.CO;2-U Fanali, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 735, 77, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01327-X Tanaka, 1996, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 19, 421, 10.1002/jhrc.1240190802 Vigh, 1997, Electrophoresis, 18, 2305, 10.1002/elps.1150181221 Vincent, 1997, Anal. Chem., 69, 4226, 10.1021/ac970252r Chankvetadze, 1998, Chirality, 10, 134, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:1/2<134::AID-CHIR21>3.0.CO;2-K Nishi, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 792, 327, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00794-2 Gotti, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 845, 247, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00295-2 Phinney, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 857, 285, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00777-3 Berthod, 1996, Talanta, 43, 1767, 10.1016/0039-9140(96)01974-1 Berthod, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 731, 123, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01198-6 Armstrong, 1994, Anal. Chem., 66, 1473, 10.1021/ac00081a019 Armstrong, 1995, Chirality, 7, 474, 10.1002/chir.530070614 Ekborg-Ott, 1998, Chirality, 10, 434, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:5<434::AID-CHIR10>3.0.CO;2-0 Ekborg-Ott, 1998, Chirality, 10, 627, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:7<627::AID-CHIR10>3.0.CO;2-1 Carotti, 1997 Svensson, 1998, Chirality, 10, 273, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:3<273::AID-CHIR10>3.0.CO;2-X D’Acquarica, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 857, 145, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00773-6 Tesarova, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 838, 121, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00089-8 Fanali, 1998, Electrophoresis, 19, 1742, 10.1002/elps.1150191036 Fanali, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 838, 223, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00119-3 Rosini, 1985, J. Chromatogr., 348, 79, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)92441-0 Rosini, 1985, Tetrahedron Lett., 26, 3361, 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)98298-4 Dingenen, 1994, 115 Okamoto, 1998, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 37, 1020, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980504)37:8<1020::AID-ANIE1020>3.0.CO;2-5 Yashima, 1998, Synlett, 4, 344, 10.1055/s-1998-1675 Yashima, 1995, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 68, 3289, 10.1246/bcsj.68.3289 Francotte, 1997, 271 Francotte, 1997, Chimia, 51, 717, 10.2533/chimia.1997.717 Francotte, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 565, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80419-2 Minguillón, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 728, 407, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01123-4 Oliveros, 1995, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 18, 1521, 10.1080/10826079508009292 Oliveros, 1998, Chirality, 10, 283, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:4<283::AID-CHIR1>3.0.CO;2-9 Senso, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 839, 15, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00072-2 Minguillón, 1997, Chirality, 9, 145, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1997)9:2<145::AID-CHIR12>3.0.CO;2-N Pettersson, 1994, 279 Messina, 1996, Anal. Chem., 68, 1191, 10.1021/ac950698c Veigl, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 694, 151, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00793-9 Sinibaldi, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 471, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80408-7 Padiglioni, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 756, 119, 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00632-2 Lämmerhofer, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 741, 33, 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00137-9 Lämmerhofer, 1998, Am. Lab., 30, 71 W. Lindner, M. Lämmerhofer, GIT Special Chromatogr. Int. (1996) 16. Maier, 1999, Chirality, 11, 522, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:7<522::AID-CHIR2>3.0.CO;2-U Kellner, 1997, Chirality, 9, 268, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1997)9:3<268::AID-CHIR11>3.0.CO;2-L Pirkle, 1989, Chem. Rev., 89, 347, 10.1021/cr00092a006 Welch, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 3, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80367-6 Caude, 1991, J. Chromatogr., 550, 357, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88550-2 Gasparrini, 1991, J. Chromatogr., 539, 25, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)95357-9 Uray, 1990, Chromatographia, 30, 323, 10.1007/BF02319716 Uray, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 41, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80369-2 Lindner, 1991, J. Chromatogr., 553, 373, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88507-1 Sousa, 1978, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 4569, 10.1021/ja00482a041 Kuhn, 1992, Anal. Chem., 64, 2815, 10.1021/ac00046a026 Kuhn, 1992, Chromatographia, 33, 32, 10.1007/BF02276847 Davankov, 1988 Davankov, 1989, 446 Davankov, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 55, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80370-6 Kinkel, 1994, 217 Blaschke, 1988, 179 Okamoto, 1989, 316 Okamoto, 1981, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6971, 10.1021/ja00413a038 Allenmark, 1995, Chirality, 7, 248, 10.1002/chir.530070411 Kempe, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 691, 317, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00820-Y Kempe, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 694, 3, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01070-U Sellergren, 1994, 69 Hofstetter, 1998, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 3251, 10.1021/ja973680n Hofstetter, 1997, J. Immunol. Methods, 210, 89, 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00180-4 Armstrong, 1998, Tetrahedron: Asymm., 9, 2043, 10.1016/S0957-4166(98)00201-8 Meyer, 1995, Chirality, 7, 567, 10.1002/chir.530070802 Kleidernigg, 1996, Enantiomer, 1, 387 Schurig, 1988, J. Chromatogr., 441, 135, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)84661-6 Watabe, 1987, Synthesis, 3, 225, 10.1055/s-1987-27896 Altria, 1997, Chromatographia, 46, 664, 10.1007/BF02490528 Altria, 1998, Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 214, 10.1016/S0165-9936(98)00008-9 Dingenen, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 627, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80423-0 Pirkle, 1991, Vol. 38, 235 Cox, 1998, Analusis, 7, M70 Wood, 1997, 119 Jacques, 1981 Blehaut, 1998, Analusis, 26, M60, 10.1051/analusis:199826070060 Seebach, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 796, 299, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01010-8 Zelinski, 1997, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, 722, 10.1002/anie.199707221 Margolin, 1996, TIBTECH, 14, 223, 10.1016/0167-7799(96)10031-7 Jusforgues, 1998, Analusis, 26, M55, 10.1051/analusis:199826070055 Chankvetadze, 1997 Gübitz, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 792, 179, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00871-6 Nishi, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 735, 57, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01262-1 Seidel-Morgenstern, 1998, Analusis, 26, M46, 10.1051/analusis:199826070046 Miller, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 849, 309, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00470-7 Nicoud, 1992, LC·GC Int., 5, 43 Strube, 1999, Chirality, 11, 440, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:5/6<440::AID-CHIR15>3.0.CO;2-K Francotte, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 796, 239, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01005-4 Pynnonen, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 827, 143, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00732-8 Schulte, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 769, 93, 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01002-3 Küsters, 1995, Chromatographia, 40, 387, 10.1007/BF02269900 Guest, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 760, 159, 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00903-X Cavoy, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 769, 49, 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00964-8 Francotte, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 769, 101, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00172-6 Pröll, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 800, 135, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01146-1 Pais, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 827, 215, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00735-3 Nagamatzu, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 832, 55, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)01004-8 Lepri, 1997, J. Planar Chromatogr., 10, 320 Suedee, 1997, Chirality, 9, 139, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1997)9:2<139::AID-CHIR11>3.0.CO;2-O Bhushan, 1999, Biomed. Chromatogr., 13, 276, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199906)13:4<276::AID-BMC843>3.0.CO;2-M Conway, 1990 Foucault, 1995, Vol. 68 Foucault, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 808, 3, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00121-6 Oliveros, 1994, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 17, 2301, 10.1080/10826079408013481 Ma, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 704, 75, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00148-G Breinholt, 1999, Chirality, 11, 768, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:10<768::AID-CHIR5>3.0.CO;2-E J. Breinholt, A.R. Varming, poster presented at the 11th International Symposium on Chiral Discrimination, Chicago, IL, 1999. Buchholz, 1998, Chem. Ing. Technol., 70, 850, 10.1002/cite.330700708 Williams, 1997, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 15, 1789, 10.1016/S0731-7085(96)01970-X Williams, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 785, 149, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00575-X Bargmann-Leyder, 1995, Chirality, 7, 311, 10.1002/chir.530070502 Overbeke, 1997, Chirality, 9, 126, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1997)9:2<126::AID-CHIR9>3.0.CO;2-F Roussel, 1997, Biomed. Chromatogr., 11, 311, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199709)11:5<311::AID-BMC705>3.0.CO;2-6 (a) Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.: http://www.daicel.co.jp/chiral; (b) Merck: http://www.merck.de NOVASEP: http://www.novasep.com Astec: http://www.astecusa.com Regis Technologies: http://www.registech.com CHIRBASE: http://chirbase.u-3mrs.fr C. Roussel, P. Piras, poster presented at the 11th International Symposium on Chiral Discrimination, Chicago, IL, July 1999. C. Roussel, J. Pierrot-Sanders, I. Heitmann, P. Piras, in: G. Subramanian (Ed.), Chiral Separation – A Handbook For Practical Applications, Wiley–VCH, 2000, book chapter submitted for publication.. Lipkowitz, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 694, 15, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00956-A CHIRBASE/CE: http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/cow/chirce1.html Endresz, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 732, 133, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01244-3 Chankvetadze, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 798, 315, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00999-0 Chankvetadze, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 732, 143, 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00024-6 Chankvetadze, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 732, 183, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01245-1 Owens, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 797, 149, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00982-5 Welch, 1998, Enantiomer, 3, 463 Tobler, 2000, Chromatographia, 51, 65, 10.1007/BF02490697 Franco, 2000, J. Chromatogr. A, 869, 111, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00877-8 B. Bonnet, J. Pierrot-Sanders, I. Heitmann, C. Roussel, poster presented at the 23rd International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques, HPLC‘99, Granada, May–June 1999. Kaliszan, 1992, Chromatographia, 33, 546, 10.1007/BF02262246 Altomare, 1993, Chirality, 5, 527, 10.1002/chir.530050709 Wolf, 1988, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, 893, 10.1039/p29880000893 Booth, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 737, 157, 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00011-8 Booth, 1996, J. Chromatogr. A, 741, 205, 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00208-7 Booth, 1997, Anal. Chem., 69, 3879, 10.1021/ac9702150 Lesnik, 1999, Anal. Chim. Acta, 401, 3, 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00505-X Sandström, 1995, Chirality, 7, 181, 10.1002/chir.530070402 Somogyi, 1997, Chirality, 9, 545, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1997)9:5/6<545::AID-CHIR22>3.0.CO;2-N Pirkle, 1996, J. Org. Chem., 61, 4775, 10.1021/jo9512564 Pirkle, 1989, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9222, 10.1021/ja00208a016 Olsovska, 1999, Chirality, 11, 291, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:4<291::AID-CHIR6>3.0.CO;2-4 Pirkle, 1987, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5975, 10.1021/ja00254a014 Ucello-Barretta, 1990, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 2707, 10.1021/ja00163a036 Pirkle, 1995, J. Org. Chem., 60, 3252, 10.1021/jo00115a048 Yashima, 1996, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 4036, 10.1021/ja960050x Davis, 1999, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 38, 737, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991018)38:20<2978::AID-ANIE2978>3.0.CO;2-P Fornstedt, 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 1164, 10.1021/ja9831296 Fornstedt, 1997, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 1254, 10.1021/ja9631458 Lipkowitz, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 493, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80411-7 Lipkowitz, 1998, Chem. Rev., 98, 1829, 10.1021/cr9700179 Lipkowitz, 1988, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 3446, 10.1021/ja00219a017 Lipkowitz, 1992, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 1554, 10.1021/ja00031a003 Yamamoto, 1999, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 72, 1815, 10.1246/bcsj.72.1815 Keurentjes, 1997, 157 Strathmann, 1986, Vol. 181 Newcomb, 1979, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 4941, 10.1021/ja00511a025 Maruyama, 1990, Macromolecules, 23, 2748, 10.1021/ma00212a027 Pirkle, 1994, Tetrahedron: Asymm., 5, 773, 10.1016/S0957-4166(00)86224-2 Keurentjes, 1996, J. Membr. Sci., 113, 351, 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00176-X Lakshmi, 1997, Nature, 388, 758, 10.1038/41978 Nakamura, 1998, J. Chromatogr. A, 822, 53, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00501-9 Kemperman, 1996, Sep. Sci. Technol., 31, 2733, 10.1080/01496399608000824 Sanchez, 1998, Analusis, 26, M33, 10.1051/analusis:199826070033 Jung, 1996, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 35, 2148, 10.1002/anie.199621481 Welch, 1999, J. Comb. Chem., 1, 364, 10.1021/cc9900091 Chiari, 1998, Anal. Chem., 70, 4967, 10.1021/ac9806557 K. Lewandowski, P. Murer, F. Svec, J.M.J. Fréchet, Chem. Commun. (1998) 2237. P. Murer, K. Lewandowski, F. Svec, J.M.J. Fréchet, Chem. Commun. (1998) 2559. Weingarten, 1998, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 9112, 10.1021/ja981447z Wulff, 1995, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 34, 1812, 10.1002/anie.199518121 Remcho, 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 248A, 10.1021/ac990292q Takeuchi, 1999, J. Chromatogr. B, 728, 1, 10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00057-2 Y. Fujii, K. Kikuchi, K. Matsutani, K. Ota, M. Adachi, M. Syoji, I. Haneishi, Y. Kuwana, Chem. Lett. (1984) 1487. Vidyasankar, 1997, J. Chromatogr. A, 775, 51, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00280-X Ramström, 1998, Chromatographia, 48, 197, 10.1007/BF02467671 O’Shannessy, 1989, Anal. Biochem., 177, 144, 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90029-8 Dzgoev, 1999, Chirality, 11, 465, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:5/6<465::AID-CHIR18>3.0.CO;2-V Piletsky, 1999, J. Membr. Sci., 157, 263, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00007-1 Sellergren, 1995, J. Chromatogr. A, 690, 29, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00905-O Kempe, 1995, Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3563, 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00559-U Takeuchi, 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 285, 10.1021/ac980858v Lanza, 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 2092, 10.1021/ac981446p Vries, 1998, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 37, 2349, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980918)37:17<2349::AID-ANIE2349>3.0.CO;2-I Collet, 1998, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 37, 3239, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3239::AID-ANIE3239>3.0.CO;2-U Aboul-Enein, 1998, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 28, 259, 10.1080/10408349891194199 Kaneda, 1989, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 742, 10.1021/ja00184a058 Kubo, 1996, Nature, 382, 522, 10.1038/382522a0 Kubo, 1999, Synlett, 2, 161, 10.1055/s-1999-2568 James, 1995, Nature, 374, 345, 10.1038/374345a0 Bodenhöfer, 1997, Anal. Chem., 69, 4017, 10.1021/ac970367v Bodenhöfer, 1997, Nature, 387, 577, 10.1038/42426 Hofstetter, 1999, Nature Biotechnol., 17, 371, 10.1038/7927 Freemantle, 1999, Chem. Ind., 22, 27 Harrison, 1992, Anal. Chem., 64, 1926, 10.1021/ac00041a030 Harrison, 1993, Science, 261, 895, 10.1126/science.261.5123.895 M. Hashimoto, K. Tsukagoshi, R. Nakajima, K. Kondo, A. Arai, Chem. Lett. (1999) 781. Hashimoto, 2000, J. Chromatogr. A, 867, 271, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01169-3 Hashimoto, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A, 832, 191, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00992-3 Hutt, 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 4000, 10.1021/ac9903959 P.R. Gibbs, P.T. Nguyen, R.C. Willson, poster presented at 11th International Symposium on Chiral Discrimination, Chicago, IL, July 1999. Ding, 1999, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 38, 497, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990215)38:4<497::AID-ANIE497>3.0.CO;2-G Bertucci, 1994, J. Chromatogr. A, 666, 535, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80415-X Zubritsky, 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 545A, 10.1021/ac990595k A. Aamouche, F.J. Devlin, P.J. Stephens, Chem. Commun. (1999) 361. L.A. Nafie, personal communication. McKendry, 1998, Nature, 391, 566, 10.1038/35339