Characterization of mortars on the facade of buildings in Gaza-Palestine using experimental techniques

Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Scherer C et al (2020) Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139465 Pereira C, de Brito J, Silvestre JD (2020) Harmonising the classification of diagnosis methods within a global building inspection system: proposed methodology and analysis of fieldwork data. Eng Fail Anal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104627 Marvila MT, Azevedo ARG, Barroso LS et al (2020) Gypsum plaster using rock waste: a proposal to repair the renderings of historical buildings in Brazil. Constr Build Mater 250:118786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118786 Carretero-Ayuso MJ, Sáez-Pérez MP (2021) Construction flaws in facing brick facades and the risk of associated litigation. J Build Eng 33:101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101633 Barrelas J, de Brito J, Correia JR (2016) Analysis of the degradation condition of secondary schools. Case study: pavilions and prefabricated buildings. J Civ Eng Manag. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914090 Azevedo ARG, Marvila MT, Rocha HA et al (2020) Use of glass polishing waste in the development of ecological ceramic roof tiles by the geopolymerization process. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 17:2649–2658. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13585 Diaz C, Cornadó C, Albareda A (2020) Damage in face-brick facades placed between concrete slabs. J Build Eng 30:101312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101312 Salomão de MCF, Bauer E, Kazmierczak de CS (2018) Drying parameters of rendering mortars. Amb Const. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212018000200239 Sá G, Sá J, De Brito J, Amaro B (2015) Statistical survey on inspection, diagnosis and repair of wall renderings. J Civ Eng Manag. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.890666 (2010) Building for the future: overview of the Middle East paints and coatings industry. Focus Powder Coatings. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-5439(10)70151-9 Slitine M (2018) Contemporary art from a city at war: the case of Gaza (Palestine). Cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.010 Asfour OS, Zourob N (2017) The neighbourhood unit adequacy: an analysis of the case of Gaza, Palestine. Cities 69:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.05.014 Sameeh El halabi A, ElSayad ZT, Ayad HM (2019) VRGIS as assistance tool for urban decision making. Alexandria Eng J 58:367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.016 Fathi Nassar Y, Yassin Alsadi S (2019) Assessment of solar energy potential in Gaza Strip-Palestine. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 31:318–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.12.010 Manduca P, Al Baraquni N, Al Baraquni L et al (2019) Hospital centered surveillance of births in Gaza, Palestine, 2011–2017 and heavy metal contamination of the mothers reveals long-term impact of wars. Reprod Toxicol 86:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.003 Abu Al Naeem MF, Yusoff I, Ng TF et al (2019) A study on the impact of anthropogenic and geogenic factors on groundwater salinization and seawater intrusion in Gaza coastal aquifer, Palestine: an integrated multi-techniques approach. J Afr Earth Sci 156:75–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.006 Abushab KM, Suleiman MD, Alajerami YSM et al (2018) Evaluation of advanced medical imaging services at Governmental Hospitals-Gaza Governorates, Palestine. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 11:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2017.10.007 ISO (2015) ISO 2394:2015—General Principles on Reliability for Structures. Int Organ Stand Borges C, Santos Silva A, Veiga R (2014) Durability of ancient lime mortars in humid environment. Constr Build Mater 66:606–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.019 Divya Rani S, Rahul AV, Santhanam M (2021) A multi-analytical approach for pore structure assessment in historic lime mortars. Constr Build Mater 272:121905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121905 Oliveira MLS, Flores EMM, Dotto GL et al (2021) Nanomineralogy of mortars and ceramics from the Forum of Caesar and Nerva (Rome, Italy): the protagonist of black crusts produced on historic buildings. J Clean Prod 278:123982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123982 Fořt J, Novotný R, Vejmelková E et al (2019) Characterization of geopolymers prepared using powdered brick. J Mater Res Technol 8:6253–6261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.019 Sandler A, Herut B (2000) Composition of clays along the continental shelf off Israel: contribution of the Nile versus local sources. Mar Geol 167:339–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00021-9 Erfanimanesh A, Sharbatdar MK (2020) Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of geopolymer paste, mortar, and concrete containing local zeolite and slag activated by sodium carbonate. J Build Eng 32:101781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101781 Papa E, Medri V, Paillard C et al (2019) Geopolymer-hydrotalcite composites for CO2 capture. J Clean Prod 237:117738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117738 Aziz A, Stocker O, El Amrani El Hassani I-E et al (2021) Effect of blast-furnace slag on physicochemical properties of pozzolan-based geopolymers. Mater Chem Phys 258:123880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123880 Abu alnaeem M, Yusoff I, Ng T et al (2019) An integrated multi-techniques approach for hydrogeochemical evaluation of ion exchange processes and identification of water types based on statistical analysis: application to the Gaza coastal aquifer, Gaza Strip. Palestine Groundw Sustain Dev 9:100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100227 Li Y-L, Zhao X-L, Singh Raman RK, Al-Saadi S (2018) Thermal and mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag paste, mortar and concrete utilising seawater and sea sand. Constr Build Mater 159:704–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.104 Ma H, Tian Y, Li Z (2011) Interactions between organic and inorganic phases in PA- and PU/PA-modified-cement-based materials. J Mater Civ Eng 23:1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000302 Toniolo N, Taveri G, Hurle K, Ercole P, Dlouhy I (2017) Fly-ash-based geopolymers: how the addition of recycled glass or red mud waste influences the structural and mechanical properties. J Ceram Sci Technol 08:411–420. https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2017-00053 Kumar S, Kristály F, Mucsi G (2015) Geopolymerisation behaviour of size fractioned fly ash. Adv Powder Technol 26:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.001 Zhang Z, Provis JL, Reid A, Wang H (2014) Fly ash-based geopolymers: the relationship between composition, pore structure and efflorescence. Cem Concr Res 64:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.004 Temuujin J, van Riessen A, Williams R (2009) Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes. J Hazard Mater 167:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.121 Loureiro AMS, Paz SPA, Veigado MR, Angélica RS (2020) Assessment of compatibility between historic mortars and lime-METAKAOLIN restoration mortars made from amazon industrial waste. Appl Clay Sci 198:105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105843 Taglieri G, Daniele V, Rosatelli G et al (2017) Eco-compatible protective treatments on an Italian historic mortar (XIV century). J Cult Herit 25:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.008 Zeyad AM, Khan AH, Tayeh BA (2020) Durability and strength characteristics of high-strength concrete incorporated with volcanic pumice powder and polypropylene fibers. J Mater Res Technol 9:806–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.021 Zeyad AM, Tayeh BA, Yusuf MO (2019) Strength and transport characteristics of volcanic pumice powder based high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 216:314–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.026 Pintér F, Vidovszky I, Weber J, Bayer K (2014) Mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary. J Cult Herit 15:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2013.04.007 Klisińska-Kopacz A, Tišlova R, Adamski G, Kozłowski R (2010) Pore structure of historic and repair Roman cement mortars to establish their compatibility. J Cult Herit 11:404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2010.03.002 Kirilovica I, Vitina I, Grase L (2021) Structural investigation of carbonation and hydration process of hydraulic dolomitic binder. Constr Build Mater 275:122050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122050 Secco M, Previato C, Addis A et al (2019) Mineralogical clustering of the structural mortars from the Sarno Baths, Pompeii: a tool to interpret construction techniques and relative chronologies. J Cult Herit 40:265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.04.016 Wang A, Zheng Y, Zhang Z et al (2020) The durability of alkali-activated materials in comparison with ordinary portland cements and concretes: a review. Engineering 6:695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.019 Selim FA, Hashem FS, Amin MS (2020) Mechanical, microstructural and acid resistance aspects of improved hardened Portland cement pastes incorporating marble dust and fine kaolinite sand. Constr Build Mater 251:118992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118992 Nguyen H, Kunther W, Gijbels K et al (2021) On the retardation mechanisms of citric acid in ettringite-based binders. Cem Concr Res 140:106315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106315 e Silva RA, de Castro Guetti P, da Luz MS, et al (2017) Enhanced properties of cement mortars with multilayer graphene nanoparticles. Constr Build Mater 149:378–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.146 Poupelloz E, Gauffinet S, Nonat A (2020) Study of nucleation and growth processes of ettringite in diluted conditions. Cem Concr Res 127:105915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105915 Starinieri V, Hughes DC, Gosselin C et al (2013) Pre-hydration as a technique for the retardation of Roman cement mortars. Cem Concr Res 46:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.01.004 Ylmén R, Jäglid U (2013) Carbonation of portland cement studied by diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Int J Concr Struct Mater 7:119–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-013-0039-y Yaseen SA, Yiseen GA, Li Z (2019) Elucidation of calcite structure of calcium carbonate formation based on hydrated cement mixed with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. ACS Omega 4:10160–10170. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00042 Pereira MA, Vasconcelos DCL, Vasconcelos WL (2019) Synthetic aluminosilicates for geopolymer production. Mater Res 22. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2018-0508 Elsen J (2006) Microscopy of historic mortars—a review. Cem Concr Res 36:1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.006 Divya Rani S, Santhanam M, Bais S (2019) Historic incised plasterwork of India—characteristics and microstructure. Constr Build Mater 221:253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.057 Pachta V, Goulas D (2020) Fresh and hardened state properties of fiber reinforced lime-based grouts. Constr Build Mater 261:119818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119818 de Azevedo ARG, Marvila MT, Tayeh BA et al (2021) Technological performance of açaí natural fibre reinforced cement-based mortars. J Build Eng 33:101675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101675 Marvila MT, Azevedo ARG, Cecchin D et al (2020) Durability of coating mortars containing açaí fibers. Case Stud Constr Mater 13:e00406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00406