Labour analgesia and obstetric outcomes

Anim-Somuah, 2005, Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000331 Howell, 1992, A review of prospectively controlled comparisons of epidural with non-epidural forms of pain relief during labour, Int J Obstet Anesth, 1, 93, 10.1016/0959-289X(92)90008-R Paech, 1991, The King Edward Memorial Hospital 1,000 mother survey of methods of pain relief in labour, Anaesth Intens Care, 19, 393, 10.1177/0310057X9101900316 Ramin, 1995, Randomized trial of epidural versus intravenous analgesia during labor, Obstet Gynecol, 86, 783, 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00269-W Jouppila, 1976, The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal and foetal acid-base balance, lactate, serum potassium and creatine phosphokinase during labour, Acta Anaesth Scand, 20, 259, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1976.tb05038.x Lederman, 1985, Anxiety and epinephrine in multiparous labor: relationship to duration of labor and fetal heart rate pattern, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 153, 870, 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90692-1 Levinson, 1974, Effects of maternal hyperventilation on uterine blood flow and fetal oxygenation and acid-base status, Anesthesiology, 40, 340, 10.1097/00000542-197404000-00007 Shnider, 1983, Maternal catecholamines decrease during labor after lumbar epidural analgesia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 147, 13, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90076-5 National Health Service. Maternity Statistics 2008–09 Bucklin, 2005, Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey: twenty-year update, Anesthesiology, 103, 645, 10.1097/00000542-200509000-00030 Yancey, 1999, Observations on labor epidural analgesia and operative delivery rates, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 180, 353, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70213-9 Impey, 2000, Epidural analgesia need not increase operative delivery rates, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, 358, 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70224-9 Fogel, 1998, Epidural labor analgesia and the incidence of Cesarean delivery for dystocia, Anesth Analg, 87, 119, 10.1213/00000539-199807000-00026 Gribble, 1991, Effect of epidural analgesia on the primary cesarean rate, Obstet Gynecol, 78, 231 Johnson, 1995, The effect of epidural anesthesia on the length of labor, J Fam Pract, 40, 244, 10.1093/fampra/12.2.244-a Lyon, 1997, The effect of instituting an elective labor epidural program on the operative delivery rate, Obstet Gynecol, 90, 135, 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00214-7 Socol, 1993, Reducing cesarean births at a primarily private university hospital, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 168, 1748, 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90686-D Segal, 2000, The effect of a rapid change in availability of epidural analgesia on the cesarean delivery rate: a meta-analysis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 183, 974, 10.1067/mob.2000.106677 Halpern, 2005, Epidural analgesia and the progress of labor, 10 Thorp, 1993, The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: a randomized, controlled, prospective trial, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169, 851, 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90015-B Gambling, 1998, A randomized study of combined spinal-epidural analgesia versus intravenous meperidine during labor: impact on cesarean delivery rate, Anesthesiology, 89, 1336, 10.1097/00000542-199812000-00010 Sharma, 2000, Update: epidural analgesia does not increase cesarean births, Curr Anesthesiol Rep, 2, 18 Sharma, 1997, Cesarean delivery: a randomized trial of epidural versus patient-controlled meperidine analgesia during labor, Anesthesiology, 87, 487, 10.1097/00000542-199709000-00006 Sharma, 2002, Cesarean delivery: a randomized trial of epidural analgesia versus intravenous meperidine analgesia during labor in nulliparous women, Anesthesiology, 96, 546, 10.1097/00000542-200203000-00007 Sharma, 2004, Labor analgesia and cesarean delivery: an individual patient meta-analysis of nulliparous women, Anesthesiology, 100, 142, 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00023 Comparative Obstetric Mobile Epidural Trial Study Group UK, 2001, Effect of low-dose mobile versus traditional epidural techniques on mode of delivery: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 358, 19, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05251-X Collis, 1995, Randomised comparison of combined spinal-epidural and standard epidural analgesia in labour, Lancet, 345, 1413, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92602-X Nageotte, 1997, Epidural analgesia compared with combined spinal-epidural analgesia during labor in nulliparous women, N Eng J Med, 337, 1715, 10.1056/NEJM199712113372402 Olofsson, 1998, Obstetric outcome following epidural analgesia with bupivacaine-adrenaline 0.25% or bupivacaine 0.125% with sufentanil: a prospective randomized controlled study in 1000 parturients, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 42, 284, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb04918.x Lieberman, 1996, Association of epidural analgesia with cesarean delivery in nulliparas, Obstet Gynecol, 88, 993, 10.1016/S0029-7844(96)00359-6 Thorp, 1991, Epidural analgesia and cesarean section for dystocia: risk factors in nulliparas, Am J Perinatol, 8, 402, 10.1055/s-2007-999426 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2002, Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 36, July 2002, Obstet Gynecol, 100, 177 Chestnut, 1994, Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are in spontaneous labor?, Anesthesiology, 80, 1201, 10.1097/00000542-199406000-00006 Chestnut, 1994, Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin?, Anesthesiology, 80, 1193, 10.1097/00000542-199406000-00005 Luxman, 1998, The effect of early epidural block administration on the progression and outcome of labor, Int J Obstet Anesth, 7, 161, 10.1016/S0959-289X(98)80004-6 Ohel, 2006, Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia in labor: does it increase the risk of cesarean section? A randomized trial, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194, 600, 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.10.821 Wong, 2005, The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor, N Engl J Med, 352, 655, 10.1056/NEJMoa042573 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obsteteric Practice, 2006, Analgesia and cesarean delivery rates. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 339, June 2006, Obstet Gynecol, 107, 1487, 10.1097/00006250-200606000-00060 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Midwives, Royal College of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2007 Wang, 2009, Epidural analgesia in the latent phase of labor and the risk of cesarean delivery: a five-year randomized controlled trial, Anesthesiology, 111, 871, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b55e65 Wong, 2009, Early compared with late neuraxial analgesia in nulliparous labor induction: a randomized controlled trial, Obstet Gynecol, 113, 1066, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a1a9a8 Marucci, 2007, Patient-requested neuraxial analgesia for labor: impact on rates of cesarean and instrumental vaginal delivery, Anesthesiology, 106, 1035, 10.1097/01.anes.0000265165.06760.c2 Liu, 2004, Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review, Br Med J, 328, 1410, 10.1136/bmj.38097.590810.7C James, 1998, Comparison of epidural bolus administration of 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.1% bupivacaine with 0.0002% fentanyl for analgesia during labour, Br J Anaesth, 81, 501, 10.1093/bja/81.4.507 Smedstad, 1988, A comparative study of continuous and intermittent epidural analgesia for labour and delivery, Can J Anaesth, 35, 234, 10.1007/BF03010616 Wong, 2006, A randomized comparison of programmed intermittent epidural bolus with continuous epidural infusion for labor analgesia, Anesth Analg, 102, 904, 10.1213/01.ane.0000197778.57615.1a van der Vyver, 2002, Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous infusion for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis, Br J Anaesth, 89, 459, 10.1093/bja/89.3.459 Cappiello, 2008, A randomized trial of dural puncture epidural technique compared with the standard epidural technique for labor analgesia, Anesth Analg, 107, 1646, 10.1213/ane.0b013e318184ec14 Kamiya, 2009, Lidocaine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid after epidural administration: a comparison between epidural and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 110, 1127, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819daf15 Robinson, 1999, Episiotomy, operative vaginal delivery, and significant perinatal trauma in nulliparous women, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 181, 1180, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70104-3 Dierker, 1986, Midforceps deliveries: long-term outcome of infants, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 154, 764, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90452-7 Friedman, 1984, Long-term effects of labor and delivery on offspring: a matched-pair analysis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 150, 941, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90386-7 Gilstrap, 1984, Neonatal acidosis and method of delivery, Obstet Gynecol, 63, 681 McBride, 1979, Method of delivery and developmental outcome at five years of age, Med J Aust, 1, 301, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1979.tb112116.x Tsen, 1999, Is combined spinal-epidural analgesia associated with more rapid cervical dilation in nulliparous patients when compared with conventional epidural analgesia?, Anesthesiology, 91, 920, 10.1097/00000542-199910000-00010 Norris, 2001, Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 95, 913, 10.1097/00000542-200110000-00020 Simmons, 2007, Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD003401 Cheek, 1996, Normal saline i.v. fluid load decreases uterine activity in active labour, Br J Anaesth, 77, 632, 10.1093/bja/77.5.632 Zamora, 1996, Haemodynamic consequences and uterine contractions following 0.5 or 1.0 litre crystalloid infusion before obstetric epidural analgesia, Can J Anaesth, 43, 347, 10.1007/BF03011712 Behrens, 1993, Effects of lumbar epidural analgesia on prostaglandin F2 alpha release and oxytocin secretion during labor, Prostaglandins, 45, 285, 10.1016/0090-6980(93)90053-A Rahm, 2002, Plasma oxytocin levels in women during labor with or without epidural analgesia: a prospective study, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 81, 1033, 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.811107.x Abrao, 2009, Elevation of uterine basal tone and fetal heart rate abnormalities after labor analgesia: a randomized controlled trial, Obstet Gynecol, 113, 41, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31818f5eb6 Clarke, 1994, Uterine hyperactivity after intrathecal injection of fentanyl for analgesia during labor: a cause of fetal bradycardia?, Anesthesiology, 81, 1083, 10.1097/00000542-199410000-00041 Cohen, 1993, Intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia: sensory changes, side effects, and fetal heart rate changes, Anesth Analg, 77, 1155, 10.1213/00000539-199312000-00013 Van de Velde, 2004, Intrathecal sufentanil and fetal heart rate abnormalities: a double-blind, double placebo-controlled trial comparing two forms of combined spinal epidural analgesia with epidural analgesia in labor, Anesth Analg, 98, 1153, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000101980.34587.66 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2003, Dystocia and augmentation of labor. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 49, December 2003, Obstet Gynceol, 102, 1445, 10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.10.011 Derham, 1991, The second stage of labour: durational dilemmas, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 31, 31, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1991.tb02760.x Menticoglou, 1995, Perinatal outcome in relation to second-stage duration, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173, 906, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90364-X Saunders, 1992, Neonatal and maternal morbidity in relation to the length of the second stage of labour, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 99, 381, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13753.x Paterson, 1992, The characteristics of the second stage of labour in 25,069 singleton deliveries in the North West Thames Health Region, 1988, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 99, 377, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13752.x Fraser, 2000, Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of delayed pushing for nulliparous women in the second stage of labor with continuous epidural analgesia. The PEOPLE (Pushing Early or Pushing Late with Epidural) Study Group, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, 1165, 10.1067/mob.2000.105197 Roberts, 2004, Delayed versus early pushing in women with epidural analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BJOG, 111, 1333, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00282.x Wuitchik, 1989, The clinical significance of pain and cognitive activity in latent labor, Obstet Gynecol, 73, 35 Hess, 2000, An association between severe labor pain and cesarean delivery, Anesth Analg, 90, 881, 10.1213/00000539-200004000-00020 Alexander, 2001, Intensity of labor pain and cesarean delivery, Anesth Analg, 92, 1524, 10.1097/00000539-200106000-00034 Toledo, 2008, A retrospective case-controlled study of the association between request to discontinue second stage labor epidural analgesia and risk of instrumental vaginal delivery, Int J Obstet Anesth, 17, 304, 10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.10.007