Effect of cross section and ventilation on heat release rates in tunnel fires

Bendelius, A., 1996. Memorial tunnel fire ventilation test programme. In: Proceedings of Seminar Smoke and Critical Velocity in Tunnels’ London, UK. Carvel, 2004, The influence of tunnel geometry and ventilation on the heat release rate of a fire, Fire Technol., 40, 5, 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000003313.97677.c5 Casale, 1994, Heptane fire tests with forced ventilation, Proc. Int. Conf. Fires Tunn., 10 Croce, 2005, Scale modeling of quasi-steady wood crib fires in enclosures, Fire Saf. J., 40, 245, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.12.002 Drysdale, 2011 Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, 1999. PIARC. Haack, 1998, Fire protection in traffic tunnels: general aspects and results of the EUREKA project, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 13, 377, 10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00080-7 Harmathy, 1978, Experimental study on the effect of ventilation on the burning of piles of solid fuels, Combust. Flame, 31, 259, 10.1016/0010-2180(78)90138-4 Heskestad, 1975, Physical modeling of fire, J. Fire Flammabl., 6, 253 Hu, 2011, A wind tunnel experimental study on burning rate enhancement behavior of gasoline pool fires by cross air flow, Combust. Flame, 158, 586, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.10.013 Ingason, 1995 Ingason, 1995 Ingason, 1997 Ingason, 2005 Ingason, 2012, Fire dynamics in tunnels, 273 Ingason, 2010, Model scale tunnel fire tests with longitudinal ventilation, Fire Saf. J., 45, 371, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004 Ingason, 2011, Model scale tunnel fire tests with point extraction ventilation, J. Fire. Prot. Eng., 21, 5, 10.1177/1042391510394242 Ingason, 2007, Measuring incident radiant heat flux using the plate thermometer, Fire Saf. J., 42, 161, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.08.008 Ingason, 2015, Runehamar tunnel fire tests, Fire Saf. J., 71, 134, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.015 Ingason, 2015 Kayili, 2011, An experimental study on the effects of blockage ratio and ventilation velocity on the heat release rate of tunnel fires, J. Fire Sci., 29, 555, 10.1177/0734904111416336 Lemaire, 2006, Large scale fire tests in the second Benelux tunnel, Fire Technol., 42, 329, 10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4 Li, Y.Z., Ingason, H., 2011. The fire growth rate in a ventilated tunnel fire. In: 10th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science (IAFSS), Maryland, USA, pp 347–358. Li, 2012, The maximum ceiling gas temperature in a large tunnel fire, Fire Saf. J., 48, 38, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.011 Li, 2010, Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires, Fire Saf. J., 45, 361, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 Li, 2012, Effect of longitudinal ventilation on heat release rate of tunnel fires, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 30, 230, 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.020 Lönnermark, A., Ingason, H., 2007. The effect of cross-sectional area and air velocity on the conditions in a tunnel during a fire. SP Report 2007:05. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden. McCaffrey, 1976, Brief communications: a robust bidirectional low-velocity probe for flame and fire application, Combust. Flame, 26, 125, 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90062-6 NFPA 502, 2011 Persson, 1997 Quintiere, 1989, Scaling applications in fire research, Fire Saf. J., 15, 3, 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3 Roh, 2007, Tunnel fires: experiments on critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation, J. Fire Sci., 25, 161, 10.1177/0734904107067300 Saito, N., Yamada, T., Sekizawa, A., Yanai, E., Watanabe, Y., Miyazaki, S., 1995. Experimental study on fire behavior in a wind tunnel with a reduced scale model. In: Vardy, A.E. (Ed.), Second International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnels, 3–6 April 1995, Granada, Spain. University of Dundee and Independent Technical Conferences Ltd., pp. 303–310. Tewarson, 1976, Flammability of plastics—I. burning intensity, Combust. Flame, 26, 85, 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90059-6