Histone Lysine Methylation Dynamics: Establishment, Regulation, and Biological Impact

Elsevier BV - Tập 48 Số 4 - Trang 491-507 - 2012
Joshua C. Joshua C., Capucine Capucine, Johnathan R. Johnathan R.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Allfrey, 1964, Structural Modifications of Histones and their Possible Role in the Regulation of RNA Synthesis, Science, 144, 559 Aoto, 2008, Polycomb group protein-associated chromatin is reproduced in post-mitotic G1 phase and is required for S phase progression, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 18905, 10.1074/jbc.M709322200 Baba, 2011, PKA-dependent regulation of the histone lysine demethylase complex PHF2-ARID5B, Nat. Cell Biol., 13, 668, 10.1038/ncb2228 Bannister, 2004, Histone methylation: recognizing the methyl mark, Methods Enzymol., 376, 269, 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)76018-2 Barski, 2007, High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome, Cell, 129, 823, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.009 Beck, 2012, PR-Set7 and H4K20me1: at the crossroads of genome integrity, cell cycle, chromosome condensation, and transcription, Genes Dev., 26, 325, 10.1101/gad.177444.111 Benetti, 2007, Suv4-20h deficiency results in telomere elongation and derepression of telomere recombination, J. Cell Biol., 178, 925, 10.1083/jcb.200703081 Bernstein, 2006, A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells, Cell, 125, 315, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.041 Black, 2011, Chromatin landscape: methylation beyond transcription, Epigenetics, 6, 9, 10.4161/epi.6.1.13331 Black, 2012, Tipping the Lysine Methylation Balance in Disease, Biopolymers Black, 2012, LOX out, histones: a new enzyme is nipping at your tails, Mol. Cell, 46, 243, 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.023 Black, 2010, Conserved antagonism between JMJD2A/KDM4A and HP1γ during cell cycle progression, Mol. Cell, 40, 736, 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.11.008 Blackledge, 2010, CpG islands recruit a histone H3 lysine 36 demethylase, Mol. Cell, 38, 179, 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.04.009 Blahnik, 2011, Characterization of the contradictory chromatin signatures at the 3′ exons of zinc finger genes, PLoS ONE, 6, e17121, 10.1371/journal.pone.0017121 Blobel, 2009, A reconfigured pattern of MLL occupancy within mitotic chromatin promotes rapid transcriptional reactivation following mitotic exit, Mol. Cell, 36, 970, 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.001 Bracken, 2003, EZH2 is downstream of the pRB-E2F pathway, essential for proliferation and amplified in cancer, EMBO J., 22, 5323, 10.1093/emboj/cdg542 Carrozza, 2005, Histone H3 methylation by Set2 directs deacetylation of coding regions by Rpd3S to suppress spurious intragenic transcription, Cell, 123, 581, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.023 Cha, 2005, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 suppresses methylation of lysine 27 in histone H3, Science, 310, 306, 10.1126/science.1118947 Chen, 2006, Structural insights into histone demethylation by JMJD2 family members, Cell, 125, 691, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.024 Chen, 2008, Cell cycle control of centromeric repeat transcription and heterochromatin assembly, Nature, 451, 734, 10.1038/nature06561 Chen, 2012, The histone H3 Lys 27 demethylase JMJD3 regulates gene expression by impacting transcriptional elongation, Genes Dev., 26, 1364, 10.1101/gad.186056.111 Chin, 2007, Automethylation of G9a and its implication in wider substrate specificity and HP1 binding, Nucleic Acids Res., 35, 7313, 10.1093/nar/gkm726 Clissold, 2001, JmjC: cupin metalloenzyme-like domains in jumonji, hairless and phospholipase A2beta, Trends Biochem. Sci., 26, 7, 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01700-X Cloos, 2006, The putative oncogene GASC1 demethylates tri- and dimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3, Nature, 442, 307, 10.1038/nature04837 Deal, 2010, Genome-wide kinetics of nucleosome turnover determined by metabolic labeling of histones, Science, 328, 1161, 10.1126/science.1186777 Del Rizzo, 2011, Substrate and product specificities of SET domain methyltransferases, Epigenetics, 6, 1059, 10.4161/epi.6.9.16069 Dhami, 2010, Complex exon-intron marking by histone modifications is not determined solely by nucleosome distribution, PLoS ONE, 5, e12339, 10.1371/journal.pone.0012339 Dillon, 2005, The SET-domain protein superfamily: protein lysine methyltransferases, Genome Biol., 6, 227, 10.1186/gb-2005-6-8-227 Dou, 2006, Regulation of MLL1 H3K4 methyltransferase activity by its core components, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 13, 713, 10.1038/nsmb1128 Eissenberg, 2010, Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in development and differentiation, Dev. Biol., 339, 240, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.017 Ernst, 2010, Discovery and characterization of chromatin states for systematic annotation of the human genome, Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 817, 10.1038/nbt.1662 Ernst, 2011, Mapping and analysis of chromatin state dynamics in nine human cell types, Nature, 473, 43, 10.1038/nature09906 Filion, 2010, Systematic protein location mapping reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells, Cell, 143, 212, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.009 Fodor, 2006, Jmjd2b antagonizes H3K9 trimethylation at pericentric heterochromatin in mammalian cells, Genes Dev., 20, 1557, 10.1101/gad.388206 Furuhashi, 2010, Trans-generational epigenetic regulation of C. elegans primordial germ cells, Epigenetics Chromatin, 3, 15, 10.1186/1756-8935-3-15 García-Cao, 2004, Epigenetic regulation of telomere length in mammalian cells by the Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 histone methyltransferases, Nat. Genet., 36, 94, 10.1038/ng1278 Gerstein, 2010, Integrative analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome by the modENCODE project, Science, 330, 1775, 10.1126/science.1196914 Greer, 2012, Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance, Nat. Rev. Genet., 13, 343, 10.1038/nrg3173 Grewal, 2007, Heterochromatin revisited, Nat. Rev. Genet., 8, 35, 10.1038/nrg2008 Groth, 2007, Chromatin challenges during DNA replication and repair, Cell, 128, 721, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.030 Guelen, 2008, Domain organization of human chromosomes revealed by mapping of nuclear lamina interactions, Nature, 453, 948, 10.1038/nature06947 Hakimi, 2002, A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 7420, 10.1073/pnas.112008599 Hawkins, 2010, Distinct epigenomic landscapes of pluripotent and lineage-committed human cells, Cell Stem Cell, 6, 479, 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.018 Herranz, 2012, Lysyl oxidase-like 2 deaminates lysine 4 in histone H3, Mol. Cell, 46, 369, 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.002 Hillringhaus, 2011, Structural and evolutionary basis for the dual substrate selectivity of human KDM4 histone demethylase family, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 41616, 10.1074/jbc.M111.283689 Hnilicová, 2011, Where splicing joins chromatin, Nucleus, 2, 182, 10.4161/nucl.2.3.15876 Hon, 2009, Discovery and annotation of functional chromatin signatures in the human genome, PLoS Comput. Biol., 5, e1000566, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000566 Hon, 2009, Predictive chromatin signatures in the mammalian genome, Hum. Mol. Genet., 18, R195, 10.1093/hmg/ddp409 Huang, 2002, Histone methyltransferases, diet nutrients and tumour suppressors, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 469, 10.1038/nrc819 Huang, 2008, The emerging field of dynamic lysine methylation of non-histone proteins, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 18, 152, 10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.012 Huang, 2010, The JmjN domain of Jhd2 is important for its protein stability, and the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger mediates its chromatin association independent of H3K4 methylation, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 24548, 10.1074/jbc.M110.117333 Jenuwein, 2006, The epigenetic magic of histone lysine methylation, FEBS J., 273, 3121, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05343.x Juan, 2009, Mir-214-dependent regulation of the polycomb protein Ezh2 in skeletal muscle and embryonic stem cells, Mol. Cell, 36, 61, 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.008 Kantojärvi, 2010, Analysis of 9p24 and 11p12-13 regions in autism spectrum disorders: rs1340513 in the JMJD2C gene is associated with ASDs in Finnish sample, Psychiatr. Genet., 20, 102, 10.1097/YPG.0b013e32833a2080 Keogh, 2005, Cotranscriptional set2 methylation of histone H3 lysine 36 recruits a repressive Rpd3 complex, Cell, 123, 593, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.025 Kharchenko, 2011, Comprehensive analysis of the chromatin landscape in Drosophila melanogaster, Nature, 471, 480, 10.1038/nature09725 Khuong-Quang, 2012, K27M mutation in histone H3.3 defines clinically and biologically distinct subgroups of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, Acta Neuropathol., 124, 439, 10.1007/s00401-012-0998-0 Klose, 2006, The transcriptional repressor JHDM3A demethylates trimethyl histone H3 lysine 9 and lysine 36, Nature, 442, 312, 10.1038/nature04853 Koivunen, 2012, Transformation by the (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate linked to EGLN activation, Nature, 483, 484, 10.1038/nature10898 Kolasinska-Zwierz, 2009, Differential chromatin marking of introns and expressed exons by H3K36me3, Nat. Genet., 41, 376, 10.1038/ng.322 Kottakis, 2011, FGF-2 regulates cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis through an NDY1/KDM2B-miR-101-EZH2 pathway, Mol. Cell, 43, 285, 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.020 Kouzarides, 2007, Chromatin modifications and their function, Cell, 128, 693, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.005 Li, 2007, Infrequently transcribed long genes depend on the Set2/Rpd3S pathway for accurate transcription, Genes Dev., 21, 1422, 10.1101/gad.1539307 Li, 2010, Jarid2 and PRC2, partners in regulating gene expression, Genes Dev., 24, 368, 10.1101/gad.1886410 Li, 2011, Effects of RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of JMJD2A on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro, J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 30, 90, 10.1186/1756-9966-30-90 Li, 2011, Coordination of DNA replication and histone modification by the Rik1-Dos2 complex, Nature, 475, 244, 10.1038/nature10161 Liu, 2007, Bimodal degradation of MLL by SCFSkp2 and APCCdc20 assures cell cycle execution: a critical regulatory circuit lost in leukemogenic MLL fusions, Genes Dev., 21, 2385, 10.1101/gad.1574507 Liu, 2010, PHF8 mediates histone H4 lysine 20 demethylation events involved in cell cycle progression, Nature, 466, 508, 10.1038/nature09272 Liu, 2011, Broad chromosomal domains of histone modification patterns in C. elegans, Genome Res., 21, 227, 10.1101/gr.115519.110 Luco, 2010, Regulation of alternative splicing by histone modifications, Science, 327, 996, 10.1126/science.1184208 Mallette, 2012, RNF8- and RNF168-dependent degradation of KDM4A/JMJD2A triggers 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage sites, EMBO J., 31, 1865, 10.1038/emboj.2012.47 Mersman, 2009, Polyubiquitination of the demethylase Jhd2 controls histone methylation and gene expression, Genes Dev., 23, 951, 10.1101/gad.1769209 Mikkelsen, 2007, Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells, Nature, 448, 553, 10.1038/nature06008 Milne, 2002, MLL targets SET domain methyltransferase activity to Hox gene promoters, Mol. Cell, 10, 1107, 10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00741-4 Min, 2002, Structure of the SET domain histone lysine methyltransferase Clr4, Nat. Struct. Biol., 9, 828 Min, 2003, Structure of the catalytic domain of human DOT1L, a non-SET domain nucleosomal histone methyltransferase, Cell, 112, 711, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00114-4 Müller, 2006, Polycomb response elements and targeting of Polycomb group proteins in Drosophila, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 16, 476, 10.1016/j.gde.2006.08.005 Murray, 1964, The Occurrence of Epsilon-N-Methyl Lysine in Histones, Biochemistry, 3, 10, 10.1021/bi00889a003 Nagano, 2008, The Air noncoding RNA epigenetically silences transcription by targeting G9a to chromatin, Science, 322, 1717, 10.1126/science.1163802 Nakamura, 2002, ALL-1 is a histone methyltransferase that assembles a supercomplex of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, Mol. Cell, 10, 1119, 10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00740-2 Nguyen, 2011, The diverse functions of Dot1 and H3K79 methylation, Genes Dev., 25, 1345, 10.1101/gad.2057811 Northcott, 2009, Multiple recurrent genetic events converge on control of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma, Nat. Genet., 41, 465, 10.1038/ng.336 O’Sullivan, 2010, Reduced histone biosynthesis and chromatin changes arising from a damage signal at telomeres, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17, 1218, 10.1038/nsmb.1897 Okada, 2005, hDOT1L links histone methylation to leukemogenesis, Cell, 121, 167, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.020 Pasini, 2010, JARID2 regulates binding of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 to target genes in ES cells, Nature, 464, 306, 10.1038/nature08788 Pauler, 2009, H3K27me3 forms BLOCs over silent genes and intergenic regions and specifies a histone banding pattern on a mouse autosomal chromosome, Genome Res., 19, 221, 10.1101/gr.080861.108 Payer, 2008, X chromosome dosage compensation: how mammals keep the balance, Annu. Rev. Genet., 42, 733, 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091711 Peng, 2009, Heterochromatic genome stability requires regulators of histone H3 K9 methylation, PLoS Genet., 5, e1000435, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000435 Peng, 2009, Jarid2/Jumonji coordinates control of PRC2 enzymatic activity and target gene occupancy in pluripotent cells, Cell, 139, 1290, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.002 Peters, 2001, Loss of the Suv39h histone methyltransferases impairs mammalian heterochromatin and genome stability, Cell, 107, 323, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00542-6 Peters, 2003, Partitioning and plasticity of repressive histone methylation states in mammalian chromatin, Mol. Cell, 12, 1577, 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00477-5 Pinheiro, 2012, Prdm3 and Prdm16 are H3K9me1 methyltransferases required for mammalian heterochromatin integrity, Cell, 150, 948, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.048 Pinto, 2010, Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders, Nature, 466, 368, 10.1038/nature09146 Quan, 2011, JmjN interacts with JmjC to ensure selective proteolysis of Gis1 by the proteasome, Microbiology, 157, 2694, 10.1099/mic.0.048199-0 Rada-Iglesias, 2011, A unique chromatin signature uncovers early developmental enhancers in humans, Nature, 470, 279, 10.1038/nature09692 Rea, 2000, Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases, Nature, 406, 593, 10.1038/35020506 Rice, 2002, Mitotic-specific methylation of histone H4 Lys 20 follows increased PR-Set7 expression and its localization to mitotic chromosomes, Genes Dev., 16, 2225, 10.1101/gad.1014902 Riddle, 2011, Plasticity in patterns of histone modifications and chromosomal proteins in Drosophila heterochromatin, Genome Res., 21, 147, 10.1101/gr.110098.110 Roudier, 2011, Integrative epigenomic mapping defines four main chromatin states in Arabidopsis, EMBO J., 30, 1928, 10.1038/emboj.2011.103 Roy, 2010, Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE, Science, 330, 1787, 10.1126/science.1198374 Saint-André, 2011, Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation and HP1γ favor inclusion of alternative exons, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 18, 337, 10.1038/nsmb.1995 Sampath, 2007, Methylation of a histone mimic within the histone methyltransferase G9a regulates protein complex assembly, Mol. Cell, 27, 596, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.026 Santos-Rosa, 2002, Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3, Nature, 419, 407, 10.1038/nature01080 Schneider, 2005, Molecular regulation of histone H3 trimethylation by COMPASS and the regulation of gene expression, Mol. Cell, 19, 849, 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.07.024 Schulze, 2009, Linking cell cycle to histone modifications: SBF and H2B monoubiquitination machinery and cell-cycle regulation of H3K79 dimethylation, Mol. Cell, 35, 626, 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.07.017 Schwartzentruber, 2012, Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma, Nature, 482, 226, 10.1038/nature10833 Shen, 2009, Jumonji modulates polycomb activity and self-renewal versus differentiation of stem cells, Cell, 139, 1303, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.003 Shi, 2007, Dynamic regulation of histone lysine methylation by demethylases, Mol. Cell, 25, 1, 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.12.010 Shi, 2003, Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex, Nature, 422, 735, 10.1038/nature01550 Shi, 2004, Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1, Cell, 119, 941, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.012 Shilatifard, 2006, Chromatin modifications by methylation and ubiquitination: implications in the regulation of gene expression, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 75, 243, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142422 Sims, 2007, Recognition of trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 facilitates the recruitment of transcription postinitiation factors and pre-mRNA splicing, Mol. Cell, 28, 665, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.010 Sims, 2011, The C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is modified by site-specific methylation, Science, 332, 99, 10.1126/science.1202663 Smith, 2010, The chromatin signaling pathway: diverse mechanisms of recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes and varied biological outcomes, Mol. Cell, 40, 689, 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.11.031 Smith, 2007, Succinate inhibition of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes in a yeast model of paraganglioma, Hum. Mol. Genet., 16, 3136, 10.1093/hmg/ddm275 Smith, 2009, Epigenetics of human T cells during the G0—>G1 transition, Genome Res., 19, 1325, 10.1101/gr.085530.108 Spies, 2009, Biased chromatin signatures around polyadenylation sites and exons, Mol. Cell, 36, 245, 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.10.008 Tachibana, 2002, G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis, Genes Dev., 16, 1779, 10.1101/gad.989402 Tan, 2011, SCF(FBXO22) regulates histone H3 lysine 9 and 36 methylation levels by targeting histone demethylase KDM4A for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 31, 3687, 10.1128/MCB.05746-11 Tardat, 2010, The histone H4 Lys 20 methyltransferase PR-Set7 regulates replication origins in mammalian cells, Nat. Cell Biol., 12, 1086, 10.1038/ncb2113 Towbin, 2012, Step-wise methylation of histone H3K9 positions heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery, Cell, 150, 934, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.051 Trojer, 2009, Dynamic Histone H1 Isotype 4 Methylation and Demethylation by Histone Lysine Methyltransferase G9a/KMT1C and the Jumonji Domain-containing JMJD2/KDM4 Proteins, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 8395, 10.1074/jbc.M807818200 Tsai, 2010, Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes, Science, 329, 689, 10.1126/science.1192002 Tsukada, 2006, Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins, Nature, 439, 811, 10.1038/nature04433 Tzatsos, 2011, Lysine-specific demethylase 2B (KDM2B)-let-7-enhancer of zester homolog 2 (EZH2) pathway regulates cell cycle progression and senescence in primary cells, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 33061, 10.1074/jbc.M111.257667 Umlauf, 2004, Imprinting along the Kcnq1 domain on mouse chromosome 7 involves repressive histone methylation and recruitment of Polycomb group complexes, Nat. Genet., 36, 1296, 10.1038/ng1467 van Leeuwen, 2002, Dot1p modulates silencing in yeast by methylation of the nucleosome core, Cell, 109, 745, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00759-6 Van Rechem, 2011, The SKP1-Cul1-F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 4 (SCF-FbxL4) ubiquitin ligase regulates lysine demethylase 4A (KDM4A)/Jumonji domain-containing 2A (JMJD2A) protein, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 30462, 10.1074/jbc.M111.273508 Varier, 2011, Histone lysine methylation and demethylation pathways in cancer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1815, 75 Vermeulen, 2007, Selective anchoring of TFIID to nucleosomes by trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4, Cell, 131, 58, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.016 Voigt, 2012, Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes, Cell, 151, 181, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.002 Wagschal, 2008, G9a histone methyltransferase contributes to imprinting in the mouse placenta, Mol. Cell. Biol., 28, 1104, 10.1128/MCB.01111-07 Wang, 2011, A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression, Nature, 472, 120, 10.1038/nature09819 Ward, 2012, Metabolic reprogramming: a cancer hallmark even warburg did not anticipate, Cancer Cell, 21, 297, 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.014 Wen, 2009, Large histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylated chromatin blocks distinguish differentiated from embryonic stem cells, Nat. Genet., 41, 246, 10.1038/ng.297 Whetstine, 2006, Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases, Cell, 125, 467, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.028 Wilson, 2007, Targeting the JMJD2A histone lysine demethylase, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 14, 682, 10.1038/nsmb0807-682 Wu, 2012, Somatic histone H3 alterations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas and non-brainstem glioblastomas, Nat. Genet., 44, 251, 10.1038/ng.1102 Xu, 2011, Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, Cancer Cell, 19, 17, 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.014 Yamane, 2006, JHDM2A, a JmjC-containing H3K9 demethylase, facilitates transcription activation by androgen receptor, Cell, 125, 483, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.027 Yang, 2006, Structural basis for CoREST-dependent demethylation of nucleosomes by the human LSD1 histone demethylase, Mol. Cell, 23, 377, 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.07.012 Yin, 2008, SET8 plays a role in controlling G1/S transition by blocking lysine acetylation in histone through binding to H4 N-terminal tail, Cell Cycle, 7, 1423, 10.4161/cc.7.10.5867 Zhang, 2002, Structure of the Neurospora SET domain protein DIM-5, a histone H3 lysine methyltransferase, Cell, 111, 117, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00999-6 Zhao, 2008, Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome, Science, 322, 750, 10.1126/science.1163045