Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys

Boyer, 1994, 514 Costa, 2005, Rapid tooling by laser powder deposition: process simulation using finite element analysis, Acta Mater., 53, 3987, 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.05.003 Denlinger, 2014, Residual stress and distortion modeling of electron beam direct manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V, J. Eng. Manuf., 10.1177/0954405414539494 Deo, 2003, Mitigation of welding induced buckling distortion using transient thermal tensioning, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 8, 49, 10.1179/136217103225008919 Elmer, 2005, In situ observations of lattice expansion and transformation rates of α and β phases in Ti–6Al–4V, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 391, 104, 10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.084 Fessler, 1996, Laser Deposition of metals for shape deposition manufacturing, 117 Grum, 2004, Microstructure, microhardness, and residual stress analysis of laser surface cladding of low-carbon steel, Mater. Manuf. Process., 19, 243, 10.1081/AMP-120029854 Jendrzejewski, 2004, Temperature and stress fields induced during laser cladding, Comput. Struct., 82, 653, 10.1016/j.compstruc.2003.11.005 Jendrzejewski, 2007, Investigation of temperature and stress fields in laser cladded coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 254, 921, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.08.014 Klingbeil, 2002, Residual stress-induced warping in direct metal solid freeform fabrication, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 44, 57, 10.1016/S0020-7403(01)00084-4 Lundbäck, 2011, Modeling of metal deposition, Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 47, 1169, 10.1016/j.finel.2011.05.005 Masubuchi, 1980 Mercelis, 2001, Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting, Rapid Prototyp. J., 12, 254, 10.1108/13552540610707013 Michaleris, 1997, Prediction of welding distortion, Weld. J. Includ. Weld. Res. Suppl., 76, 172 Nickel, 2001, Thermal stresses and deposition patterns in layered manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 317, 59, 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01179-0 Ocelik, 2009, In-situ strain observation in high power laser cladding, Surf. Coat. Technol., 203, 3189, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.03.050 Plati, 2006, Residual stress generation during laser cladding of steel with a particulate metal matrix composite, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 619, 10.1002/adem.200600063 Qiao, 2013, Modeling of weld residual plastic strain and stress in dissimilar metal butt weld in nuclear reactors, 10.1115/PVP2013-98081 Special Metals, 2006