Dynamics and failure mechanisms of ancient masonry churches subjected to seismic actions by using the NSCD method: The case of the medieval church of S. Maria in Portuno

Jean, 1999, The non-smooth contact dynamics method, Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, 177, 235, 10.1016/S0045-7825(98)00383-1 Giorgi E, Lepore G. Archeologia nella valle del Cesano tra Suasa e Santa Maria in Portuno (Atti delle Giornate di Studi – 18 e 19 dicembre 2008), Ed. Ante Quem, Bologna, Italy; 2010 [in Italian]. Heyman, 1966, The stone skeleton, Int J Solids Struct, 2, 249, 10.1016/0020-7683(66)90018-7 Del Piero, 1998, Limit analysis and no-tension materials, Int J Plasticity, 14, 259, 10.1016/S0749-6419(97)00055-7 Angelillo M, Babilio E, Fortunato A. Singular stress fields and the equilibrium of masonry walls and arches. In: Proceedings XX Congresso AIMETA, Bologna; 2011. Lotfi, 1994, Interface model applied to fracture of masonry structures, J Struct Eng, ASCE, 120, 63, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:1(63) Lourenço, 1997, Multi-surface interface model for the analysis of masonry structures, J Eng Mech ASCE, 123, 660, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:7(660) Alfano, 2006, Combining interface damage and friction in a cohesive zone model, Int J Numer Methods Eng, 68, 542, 10.1002/nme.1728 Senthivel, 2009, Finite element modelling of deformation characteristics of historical stone masonry shear walls, Eng Struct, 31, 1930, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.046 Anthoine, 1995, Derivation of the in-plane elastic characteristics of masonry through homogenization theory, Int J Solids Struct, 32, 137, 10.1016/0020-7683(94)00140-R Pande, 1989, Equivalent elastic moduli for unit masonry, Comput Geotech, 8, 243, 10.1016/0266-352X(89)90045-1 Acary V. Contribution a la modélization mécanique et numérique des edifices maconnés. PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille II; 2001 [in French]. Luciano, 1997, Homogenization technique and damage model for old masonry material, Int J Solids Struct, 34, 3191, 10.1016/S0020-7683(96)00167-9 Betti, 2008, Modelling and analysis of a Romanesque church under earthquake loading: assessment of seismic resistance, Eng Struct, 30, 352, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.03.027 Lourenço, 2005, Assessment, diagnosis and strengthening of Outeiro Church, Portugal, Constr Build Mater, 19, 634, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.010 Lourenço, 2012, Seismic performance of the St. George of the Latins church: lessons learned from studying masonry ruins, Eng Struct, 40, 501, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.003 Lourenço, 2007, Failure analysis of Monastery of Jeronimos, Lisbon: how to learn from sophisticated numerical models, Eng Fail Anal, 14, 280, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.02.002 Giordano, 2002, Modelling of historical masonry structures: comparison of different approaches through a case study, Eng Struct, 24, 1057, 10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00033-0 Fanning, 2001, Three dimensional modelling and full-scale testing of stone arch bridges, Comput Struct, 79, 2645, 10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00109-2 Peña, 2010, Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower, Eng Struct, 32, 1466, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.027 Ramos, 2004, Modeling and vulnerability of historical city centers in seismic areas: a case study in Lisbon, Eng Struct, 26, 1295, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.04.008 Pfeifer, 1996 Nordmark, 2009, Discontinuity-induced bifurcations in systems with impacts and friction: discontinuities in the impact law, Int J Non-Linear Mech, 44, 1011, 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2009.05.009 Cundall, 1979, A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, Geotechnique, 29, 47, 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47 Cundall PA. UDEC—a generalized distinct element program for modelling jointed rock. Report PCAR-1-80, Peter Cundall Associates, European Research Office, US Army Corps of Engineers; 1980. Acary, 2008 Moreau, 1988 Dubois F, Jean M. LMGC90 une plateforme de développement dédiée à la modélisation des problèmes d’interaction, in Actes du sixième colloque national en calcul des structures. CSMA-AFM-LMS; 2003. p. 111–8 [in French]. Jean, 2001, Non-smooth contact dynamics approach of cohesive materials, Philos Trans R Soc Lond A, 359, 2497, 10.1098/rsta.2001.0906 Chetouane, 2005, NSCD discrete element method for modeling masonry structures, Int J Numer Methods Eng, 64, 65, 10.1002/nme.1358 Rafiee, 2008, Modelling and analysis of the Nîmes arena and the Arles aqueduct subjected to a seismic loading using the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics method, Eng Struct, 30, 3457, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.05.018 Jing, 2003, A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 40, 283, 10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00013-3 Renouf, 2004, A parallel version of the non-smooth contact dynamics algorithm applied to the simulation of granular media, J Comput Appl Math, 168, 375, 10.1016/j.cam.2003.05.019 Saussine, 2006, Modelling ballast behaviour under dynamic loading, Part 1: A 2D polygonal discrete element method approach, Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, 195, 2841, 10.1016/j.cma.2005.07.006 Lemos, 2007, Discrete element modeling of masonry structures, Int J Archit Heritage, 1, 190, 10.1080/15583050601176868 Stefanou, 2011, Dynamic response of reinforced masonry columns in classical monuments, Constr Build Mater, 25, 4325, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.042 Dimitri, 2011, Numerical study on the dynamic behavior of masonry columns and arches on buttresses with the discrete element method, Eng Struct, 33, 3172, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.018 De Lorenzis, 2007, Failure of masonry arches under impulse base motion, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 36, 2119, 10.1002/eqe.719 DeJong, 2012, Seismic response of stone masonry spires: computational and experimental modeling, Eng Struct, 40, 566, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.001 Rafiee, 2008, Application of the NSCD method to analyse the dynamic behaviour of stone arched structures, Int J Solids Struct, 45, 6269, 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.07.034 Lenci S, Quagliarini E, Piattoni Q. Ingegneria ed archeologia. Dalla planimetria di scavo alla terza dimensione dell’elevato, La chiesa paleocristiana di S. Maria in Portuno di Corinaldo (AN), Aracne Editrice, Roma, Italy; 2011 [in Italian]. Quagliarini, 2013, Experimental analysis of Romanesque masonries made by tile and brick fragments found at the archaeological site of S. Maria in Portuno, Int J Archit Heritage Domède, 2009, Mechanical behaviour of ancient masonry, Mater Struct, 42, 123, 10.1617/s11527-008-9372-z Vasconcelos, 2009, Experimental characterization of stone masonry in shear and compression, Constr Build Mater, 23, 3337, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.045 Domede, 2010, Experimental and numerical analysis of behaviour of old brick masonries, Adv Mater Res, 133–134, 307, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.307 Lancioni G, Lenci S, Piattoni Q. The NSCD method to analyze the dynamics of ancient masonry churches under seismic loadings. In: Proceedings 4th IEEE international conference on nonlinear science and complexity. Budapest; 2012. D’Ayala, 2003, Definition of collapse mechanisms and seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings, Earthq Spectra, 19, 479, 10.1193/1.1599896 Lagomarsino, 2004, Seismic vulnerability of ancient churches: I. Damage assessment and emergency planning, Earthq Spectra, 20, 377, 10.1193/1.1737735 Augusti, 2001, Seismic vulnerability of monumental buildings, Struct Saf, 23, 253, 10.1016/S0167-4730(01)00018-2 D’Ayala, 2011, Three-dimensional analysis of masonry vaults using limit state analysis with finite friction, Int J Archit Heritage, 5, 140, 10.1080/15583050903367595