Overview: Helicobacter pylori and Extragastric Disease

Hidekazu Suzuki1, Barry J. Marshall2, Toshifumi Hibi1
1Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
2Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. <i>Lancet</i>. 1984;1:1311-1315.

Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and the development of gastric cancer. <i>N Engl J Med.</i> 2001;345:784-789.

Zhang QB, Nakshabendi IM, Mokhashi MS, Dawodu JB, Gemmell CG, Russell RI. Association of cytotoxin production and neutrophil activation by strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients with peptic ulceration and chronic gastritis. Gut. 1996;38:841-845.

Suzuki M, Miura S, Mori M, et al. Rebamipide, a novel antiulcer agent, attenuates Helicobacter pylori induced gastric mucosal cell injury associated with neutrophil derived oxidants. Gut. 1994;35:1375-1378.

Iinuma S, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T, et al. In vitro studies indicating antioxidative properties of rebamipide. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:35S-39S.

Suzuki H, Mori M, Seto K, et al. Polaprezinc, a gastroprotective agent: attenuation of monochloramine-evoked gastric DNA fragmentation. J Gastroenterol. 1999;34(suppl 11):43-46.

Suzuki H, Mori M, Seto K, et al. Polaprezinc attenuates the Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal leucocyte activation in Mongolian gerbils: a study using intravital videomicroscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:715-725.

Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Liu Q, Nakaji S, Munakata A, Sugawara K. Ecabet sodium inhibits the ability of Helicobacter pylori to induce neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8. J Gastroenterol. 2001;36:153-157.

Schultze V, Hackelsberger A, Gunther T, Miehlke S, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Differing patterns of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in patients with duodenal, prepyloric, and gastric ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:137-142.

Levi S, Beardshall K, Swift I, et al. Antral Helicobacter pylori, hypergastrinaemia, and duodenal ulcers: effect of eradicating the organism. BMJ. 1989;299:1504-1505.

Robert A, Olafsson AS, Lancaster C, Zhang WR. Interleukin-1 is cytoprotective, antisecretory, stimulates PGE2 synthesis by the stomach, and retards gastric emptying. Life Sci. 1991;48:123-134.

Furuta T, El-Omar EM, Xiao F, Shirai N, Takashima M, Sugimura H. Interleukin 1β polymorphisms increase risk of hypochlorhydria and atrophic gastritis and reduce risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in Japan. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:92-105.

El-Omar EM, Rabkin CS, Gammon MD, et al. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1193-1201.

Machado JC, Pharoah P, Sousa S, et al. Interleukin 1B and interleukin 1RN polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:823-829.

Garza-Gonzalez E, Hold G, Perez-Perez GI, et al. Role of polymorphism of certain cytokines in gastric cancer in Mexico: preliminary results [in Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2003;68:107-112.

Veneri D, Krampera M, Franchini M. High prevalence of sustained remission of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a long-term follow-up study. Platelets. 2005;16:117-119.

Veneri D, Franchini M, Krampera M, de Matteis G, Solero P, Pizzolo G. Analysis of HFE and TFR2 gene mutations in patients with acute leukemia. Leuk Res. 2005;29:661-664.

Inaba T, Mizuno M, Take S, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases platelet count in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Japan. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35:214-219.

Konno M, Muraoka S, Takahashi M, Imai T. Iron-deficiency anemia associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:52-56.

Baysoy G, Ertem D, Ademoglu E, Kotiloglu E, Keskin S, Pehlivanoglu E. Gastric histopathology, iron status and iron deficiency anemia in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:146-151.

Nahon S, Lahmek P, Massard J, et al. Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis and unexplained iron deficiency anemia: a reliable association? Helicobacter. 2003;8:573-577.

Choe YH, Kim SK, Hong YC. The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency: seroprevalence study in 937 pubescent children. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:178.

Annibale B, Marignani M, Monarca B, et al. Reversal of iron deficiency anemia after Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with asymptomatic gastritis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:668-672.

Marignani M, Angeletti S, Bordi C, et al. Reversal of long-standing iron deficiency anaemia after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:617-622.

Kostaki M, Fessatou S, Karpathios T. Refractory iron-deficiency anaemia due to silent Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2003;162:177-179.

Russo-Mancuso G, Branciforte F, Licciardello M, La Spina M. Iron deficiency anemia as the only sign of infection with Helicobacter pylori: a report of 9 pediatric cases. Int J Hematol. 2003;78:429-431.

Baggett HC, Parkinson AJ, Muth PT, Gold BD, Gessner BD. Endemic iron deficiency associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among school-aged children in Alaska. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e396-e404.

Gessner BD, Baggett HC, Muth PT, et al. A controlled, household-randomized, open-label trial of the effect that treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has on iron deficiency in children in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:537-546.

Shiotani A, Okada K, Yanaoka K, et al. Beneficial effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in dermatologic diseases. Helicobacter. 2001;6:60-65.

Fukuda S, Shimoyama T, Umegaki N, Mikami T, Nakano H, Munakata A. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of Japanese patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:827-830.

Federman DG, Kirsner RS, Moriarty JP, Concato J. The effect of antibiotic therapy for patients infected with Helicobacter pylori who have chronic urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:861-864.

Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, et al. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J. 1994;71:437-439.

Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet. 1997;350:430-436.

Shmuely H, Passaro DJ, Vaturi M, et al. Association of CagA<sup>+</sup> Helicobacter pylori infection with aortic atheroma. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:127-132.

Sawayama Y, Ariyama I, Hamada M, et al. Association between chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and acute ischemic stroke: Fukuoka Harasanshin Atherosclerosis Trial (FHAT). Atherosclerosis. 2005;178:303-309.

Hogan DL, Ainsworth MA, Isenberg JI. Review article: gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8:475-488.

Rocha M, Avenaud P, Menard A, et al. Association of Helicobacter species with hepatitis C cirrhosis with or without hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2005;54:396-401.

Bjarnason IT, Charlett A, Dobbs RJ, et al. Role of chronic infection and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract in the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic parkinsonism, part 2: response of facets of clinical idiopathic parkinsonism to Helicobacter pylori eradication. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy study. Helicobacter. 2005;10:276-287.

Mishu B, Blaser MJ. Role of infection due to Campylobacter jejuni in the initiation of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:104-108.

Correa P. Bacterial infections as a cause of cancer. <i>J Natl Cancer Inst.</i> 2003;95:E3.

Blaser MJ, Atherton JC. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> persistence: biology and disease. <i>J. Clin Invest.</i> 2004;113:321-333.

Parsonnet J, Forman D. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and gastric cancer: for want of more outcomes. <i>JAMA</i>. 2004;291:244-245.

Suzuki H, Miura S, Suzuki M, Terada S, Nakamura M, Tsuchiya M. Gastric mucosal injury: microcirculation and <i>Helicobacter pylori. Keio J Med.</i> 1994;43:1-8.

Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Nomura S, et al. Current consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of <i>H. pylori</i>-associated gastroduodenal disease. <i>Keio J Med.</i> 2003;52:163-173.

Gasbarrini A, Franceschi F, Tartaglione R, Landolfi R, Pola P, Gasbarrini G. Regression of autoimmune thrombocytopenia after eradication of <i>Helicobacter pylori. Lancet.</i> 1998;352:878.

Asahi A, Kuwana M, Suzuki H, Hibi T, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y. Effects of a <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> eradication regimen on anti-platelet autoantibody response in infected and uninfected patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. <i>Haematologica</i>. 2006;91:1436-1437.

Barabino A, Dufour C, Marino CE, Claudiani F, De Alessandri A. Unexplained refractory iron-deficiency anemia associated with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> gastric infection in children: further clinical evidence. <i>J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.</i> 1999;28:116-119.

Kountouras J, Deretzi G, Zavos C, et al. Association between <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. <i>Eur J Neurol.</i> 2005;12:139-143.

Pasceri V, Patti G, Cammarota G, Pristipino C, Richichi G, Di Sciascio G. Virulent strains of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and vascular diseases: a meta-analysis. <i>Am Heart J</i>. 2006;151:1215-1222.

Kountouras J, Tsolaki M, Gavalas E, et al. Relationship between <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and Alzheimer disease. <i>Neurology</i>. 2006;66:938-940.

Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfill Koch's postulates for pyloric <i>Campylobacter. Med J Aust</i>. 1985;142:436-439.

Kavermann H, Burns BP, Angermuller K, et al. Identification and characterization of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> genes essential for gastric colonization. <i>J Exp Med.</i> 2003;197:813-822.

Guo BP, Mekalanos JJ. Rapid genetic analysis of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> gastric mucosal colonization in suckling mice. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> 2002;99:8354-8359.

Suerbaum S, Michetti P. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection. <i>N Engl J Med.</i> 2002;347:1175-1186.

Palmer ED. Investigation of the gastric mucosal spirochetes of the human. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 1954;27:218-220.

Bizzozero G. Über die schlauchformigen Drusen des Magendarmkanalus und die beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Obberflachenepithel der Schleimhaut. <i>Arch Mikr Anat.</i> 1893;42:82-152.

Kasai K, Kobayashi R. The stomach spirochete occurring in mammals. <i>J Parasitol</i>. 1919;6:1-10.

Saito K. Introductory remark of Dr. Rokuzo Kobayashi's achievements. <i>Keio J Med.</i> 2002;51:2-3.

Marshall BJ. Gastric spirochaetes: 100 years of discovery before and after Kobayashi. <i>Keio J Med.</i> 2002;51(suppl 2):33-37.

Graham DY, Malaty HM, Evans DG, Evans DJ Jr, Klein PD, Adam E. Epidemiology of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in an asymptomatic population in the United States: effect of age, race, and socioeconomic status. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 1991;100:1495-1501.

Parsonnet J. The incidence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection. <i>Aliment Pharmacol Ther.</i> 1995;9(suppl 2):45-51.

Frenck RW Jr, Clemens J. <i>Helicobacter</i> in the developing world. <i>Microbes Infect</i>. 2003;5:705-713.

Hansson LE, Nyren O, Hsing AW, et al. The risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. <i>N Engl J Med.</i> 1996;335:242-249.

Zucca E, Bertoni F, Roggero E, et al. Molecular analysis of the progression from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-associated chronic gastritis to mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma of the stomach. <i>N Engl J Med.</i> 1998;338:804-810.

Fischbach W, Dragosics B, Kolve-Goebeler ME, et al. Primary gastric B-cell lymphoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. The German-Austrian Gastrointestinal Lymphoma Study Group. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2000;119:1191-1202.

Ekstrom AM, Held M, Hansson LE, Engstrand L, Nyren O. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2001;121:784-791.

Naumann M, Crabtree JE. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-induced epithelial cell signalling in gastric carcinogenesis. <i>Trends Microbiol.</i> 2004;12:29-36.

Suzuki H, Mori M, Sakaguchi AA, Suzuki M, Miura S, Ishii H. Enhanced levels of C-X-C chemokine, human GROα, in <i>H. pylori</i>-associated gastric disease. <i>J Gastroenterol Hepatol</i>. 1998;13:516-520.

Karita M, Tummuru MK, Wirth HP, Blaser MJ. Effect of growth phase and acid shock on <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> cagA expression. <i>Infect Immun.</i> 1996;64:4501-4507.

Crabtree JE, Wyatt JI, Sobala GM, et al. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in gastric cancer. <i>Gut.</i> 1993;34:1339-1343.

Basso D, Navaglia F, Brigato L, et al. Analysis of <i>Helicobacter pylori vacA</i> and <i>cagA</i> genotypes and serum antibody profile in benign and malignant gastroduodenal diseases. <i>Gut.</i> 1998;43:182-186.

Atherton JC, Cao P, Peek RM Jr, Tummuru MK, Blaser MJ, Cover TL. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. <i>J Biol Chem.</i> 1995;270:17771-17777.

Fischer W, Puls J, Buhrdorf R, Gebert B, Odenbreit S, Haas R. Systematic mutagenesis of the <i>Helicobacter pylori cag</i> pathogenicity island: essential genes for CagA translocation in host cells and induction of interleukin-8. <i>Mol Microbiol</i>. 2001;42:1337-1348.

Stein M, Rappuoli R, Covacci A. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA antigen after <i>cag</i>-driven host cell translocation. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. 2000;97:1263-1268.

Higashi H, Tsutsumi R, Muto S, et al. SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA protein. <i>Science.</i> 2002;295:683-686.

Selbach M, Moese S, Hauck CR, Meyer TF, Backert S. Src is the kinase of the <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA protein in vitro and in vivo. <i>J Biol Chem.</i> 2002;277:6775-6778.

Tanaka J, Suzuki T, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C. Structural definition on the surface of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> type IV secretion apparatus. <i>Cell Microbiol.</i> 2003;5:395-404.

Tsutsumi R, Higashi H, Higuchi M, Okada M, Hatakeyama M. Attenuation of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA·SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. <i>J Biol Chem.</i> 2003;278:3664-3670.

Higashi H, Tsutsumi R, Fujita A, et al. Biological activity of the <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> virulence factor CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation sites. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> 2002;99:14428-14433.

Higashi H, Nakaya A, Tsutsumi R, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA induces Ras-independent morphogenetic response through SHP-2 recruitment and activation. <i>J Biol Chem.</i> 2004;279:17205-17216.

Hirata Y, Maeda S, Mitsuno Y, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA protein activates serum response element-driven transcription independently of tyrosine phosphorylation. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2002;123:1962-1971.

El-Etr SH, Mueller A, Tompkins LS, Falkow S, Merrell DS. Phosphorylation-independent effects of CagA during interaction between <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and T84 polarized monolayers. <i>J Infect Dis.</i> 2004;190:1516-1523.

Yamaoka Y, Kwon DH, Graham DYA. <i>M<sub>r</sub></i> 34,000 proinflammatory outer membrane protein (<i>oipA</i>) of <i>Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> 2000;97:7533-7538.

Yamaoka Y, Kikuchi S, el-Zimaity HM, Gutierrez O, Osato MS, Graham DY. Importance of <i>Helicobacter pylori oipA</i> in clinical presentation, gastric inflammation, and mucosal interleukin 8 production. <i>Gastroenterology.</i> 2002;123:414-424.

Guillemin K, Salama NR, Tompkins LS, Falkow S. Cag pathogenicity island-specific responses of gastric epithelial cells to <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> 2002;99:15136-15141.

Sharma SA, Tummuru MK, Blaser MJ, Kerr LD. Activation of IL-8 gene expression by <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is regulated by transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B in gastric epithelial cells. <i>J Immunol.</i> 1998;160:2401-2407.

Viala J, Chaput C, Boneca IG, et al. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the <i>Helicobacter pylori cag</i> pathogenicity island. <i>Nat Immunol.</i> 2004;5:1166-1174.

Ogura K, Maeda S, Nakao M, et al. Virulence factors of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> responsible for gastric diseases in Mongolian gerbil. <i>J Exp Med.</i> 2000;192:1601-1610.

Israel DA, Salama N, Arnold CN, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> strain-specific differences in genetic content, identified by microarray, influence host inflammatory responses. <i>J Clin Invest.</i> 2001;107:611-620.

Matsubara S, Shibata H, Takahashi M, et al. Cloning of Mongolian gerbil cDNAs encoding inflammatory proteins, and their expression in glandular stomach during <i>H. pylori</i> infection. <i>Cancer Sci.</i> 2004;95:798-802.

Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Hosoda H, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection modifies gastric and plasma ghrelin dynamics in Mongolian gerbils. <i>Gut.</i> 2004;53:187-194.

Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Hosoda H, et al. Plasma ghrelin concentration correlates with the levels of serum pepsinogen I and pepsinogen I/II ratio: a possible novel and non-invasive marker for gastric atrophy. <i>Hepatogastroenterology</i>. 2004;51:1249-1254.

Suzuki H, Minegishi Y, Nomoto Y, et al. Down-regulation of a morphogen (sonic hedgehog) gradient in the gastric epithelium of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-infected Mongolian gerbils. <i>J Pathol.</i> 2005;206:186-197.

Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Minegishi Y, Iwasaki E, Hibi T. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> eradication restored sonic hedgehog expression in the human stomach. <i>Hepatogastroenterology</i>. 2006. In press.

Fan X, Crowe SE, Behar S, et al. The effect of class II major histocompatibility complex expression on adherence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and induction of apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells: a mechanism for T helper cell type 1-mediated damage. <i>J Exp Med.</i> 1998;187:1659-1669.

Fan X, Gunasena H, Cheng Z, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> urease binds to class II MHC on gastric epithelial cells and induces their apoptosis. <i>J Immunol.</i> 2000;165:1918-1924.

Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. <i>Nat Rev Immunol.</i> 2001;1:135-145.

Su B, Ceponis PJ, Lebel S. Huynh H, Sherman PM. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> activates Toll-like receptor 4 expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. <i>Infect Immun.</i> 2003;71:3496-3502.

Bliss CM Jr, Golenbock DT, Keates S, Linevsky JK, Kelly CP. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> lipopolysaccharide binds to CD14 and stimulates release of interleukin-8, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by human monocytes. <i>Infect Immun.</i> 1998;66:5357-5363.

Kawahara T, Kuwano Y, Teshima-Kondo S, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 regulates gastric pit cell responses to Helicobacter pylori infection. <i>J Med Invest.</i> 2001;48:190-197.

Ishihara S, Rumi MA, Kadowaki Y, et al. Essential role of MD-2 in TLR4-dependent signaling during <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-associated gastritis. <i>J Immunol</i>. 2004;173:1406-1416.

Smith MF Jr, Mitchell A, Li G, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR5, but not TLR4, are required for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-induced NF-<i>k</i>B activation and chemokine expression by epithelial cells. <i>J Biol Chem.</i> 2003;278:32552-32560.

Mandell L, Moran AP, Cocchiarella A, et al. Intact gram-negative <i>Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis</i>, and <i>Helicobacter hepaticus</i> bacteria activate innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 2 but not Toll-like receptor 4. <i>Infect Immun.</i> 2004;72:6446-6454.

Yamaoka Y, Kudo T, Lu H, Casola A, Brasier AR, Graham DY. Role of interferon-stimulated responsive element-like element in interleukin-8 promoter in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2004;126:1030-1043.

Zambon CF, Basso D, Navaglia F, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> virulence genes and host <i>IL-1RN</i> and <i>1L-1β</i> genes interplay in favouring the development of peptic ulcer and intestinal metaplasia. <i>Cytokine.</i> 2002;18:242-251.

Peek RM Jr, Thompson SA, Donahue JP, et al. Adherence to gastric epithelial cells induces expression of a <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> gene, iceA, that is associated with clinical outcome. <i>Proc Assoc Am Physicians</i>. 1998;110:531-544.

Nishiya D, Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Yoshimura T, Tanaka M, Munakata A. Evaluation of the clinical relevance of the ice A1 gene in patients with <i>Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan.</i><i>Scand J Gastroenterol.</i> 2000;35:36-39.

Gerhard M, Lehn N, Neumayer N, et al. Clinical relevance of the <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</i> 1999;96:12778-12783.

Correa P, Cuello C, Duque E. Gastric cancer in Colombia, III: natural history of precursor lesions. <i>J Natl Cancer Inst.</i> 1976;57:1027-1035.

El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. <i>Nature</i>. 2000;404:398-402.

Uehara A, Okumura T, Sekiya C, Okamura K, Takasugi Y, Namiki M. Interleukin-1 inhibits the secretion of gastric acid in rats: possible involvement of prostaglandin. <i>Biochem Biophys Res Commun.</i> 1989;162:1578-1584.

Hwang IR, Kodama T, Kikuchi S, et al. Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1β production in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2002;123:1793-1803.

Figueiredo C, Machado JC, Pharoah P, et al. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and interleukin 1 genotyping: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma. <i>J Natl Cancer Inst.</i> 2002;94:1680-1687.

Rad R, Prinz C, Neu B, et al. Synergistic effect of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> virulence factors and interleukin-1 polymorphisms for the development of severe histological changes in the gastric mucosa. <i>J Infect Dis.</i> 2003;188:272-281.

Machado JC, Figueiredo C, Canedo P, et al. A proinflammatory genetic profile increases the risk for chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2003;125:364-371.

Marshall BJ, McGechie DB, Rogers PA, Glancy RJ. Pyloric <i>Campylobacter</i> infection and gastroduodenal disease. <i>Med J Aust.</i> 1985;142:439-444.

Ford AC, Delaney BC, Forman D, Moayyedi P. Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> positive patients. <i>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</i> [serial online]. April 19, 2006;CD003840.

Brenner H, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Rothenbacher D. Is Helicobacter pylori infection a necessary condition for noncardia gastric cancer? Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:252-258.

Houghton J, Stoicov C, Nomura S, et al. Gastric cancer originating from bone marrow-derived cells. Science. 2004;306:1568-1571.

Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:187-194.

Ley C, Mohar A, Guarner J, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric preneoplastic conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:4-10.

Yatsuya H, Toyoshima H, Tamakoshi A, et al. Individual and joint impact of family history and Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of stomach cancer: a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2004;91:929-934.

Kato M, Asaka M, Shimizu Y, Nobuta A, Takeda H, Sugiyama T. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and the prevalence, site and histological type of gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(suppl 1):85-89.

Ding SZ, O'Hara AM, Denning TL, et al. Helicobacter pylori and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> increase AP endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:845-858.

Mai UEH, Prez-Perez GI, Allen JB, Wahl SM, Blaser MJ, Smith PD. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. J Exp Med. 1992;175:517-525.

Craig PM, Territo MC, Karnes WE, Walsh JH. Helicobacter pylori secretes a chemotactic factor for monocytes and neutrophils. Gut. 1992;33:1020-1023.

Suzuki H, Hibi T. Oxidative stress in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2006;39:56-63.

Suzuki M, Miura S, Suematsu M, et al. Helicobacter pylori-associated ammonia production enhances neutrophil-dependent gastric mucosal cell injury. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:G719-G725.

Suzuki H, Mori M, Suzuki M, Sakurai K, Miura S, Ishii H. Extensive DNA damage induced by monochloramine in gastric cells. Cancer Lett. 1997;115:243-248.

Suzuki H, Seto K, Mori M, Suzuki M, Miura S, Ishii H. Monochloramine induced DNA fragmentation in gastric cell line MKN45. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:G712-G716.

Grisham MB, Jefferson MM, Melton DF, Thomas EL. Chlorination of endogenous amines by isolated neutrophils: ammonia-dependent bactericidal, cytotoxic, and cytolytic activities of the chloramines. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:10414-10413.

Hagen SJ, Takahashi S, Jansons R. Role of vacuolation in the death of gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:C48-C58.

Cover TL, Puryear W, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Effect of urease on HeLa cell vacuolation induced by Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin. Infect Immun. 1991;59:1264-1270.

Suzuki H, Miura S, Imaeda H, et al. Enhanced levels of chemiluminescence and platelet activating factor in urease positive gastric ulcers. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20:449-454.

Davies GR, Simmonds NJ, Stevens TRJ, et al. Helicobacter pylori stimulates antral mucosal reactive oxygen metabolite production in vivo. Gut. 1994;35:179-185.

Suzuki H, Suzuki M, Mori M, et al. Augmented levels of gastric mucosal leucocyte activation by infection with cagA gene positive-Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13:294-300.

Danese S, Cremonini F, Armuzzi A, et al. Helicobacter pylori CagA-positive strains affect oxygen free radicals generation by gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36:247-250.