Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Tóm tắt
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and/or pregnancy-related problems associated with persistently elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies. The kidney is a major target organ in both primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. This review describes several aspects of the renal involvement in the primary form of the syndrome, in particular the histological pattern of the so-called antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy (APSN). APSN is a vascular nephropathy characterized by small vessel vaso-occlusive lesions associated with fibrous intimal hyperplasia of interlobular arteries, recanalizing thrombi in arteries and arterioles, and focal atrophy, a constellation of morphological lesions suggestive of primary antiphospholipid syndrome.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, KoikeT Lockshin MD, Branch DW, Piette JC, Brey R, Derksen RA et al (1999) International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 42:1309–1311
Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, DE Groot PG et al (2006) International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 4:295–306
Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT, Jacobsen S, Lakos G, Tincani A et al (2002) Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 46:1019–1027
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT, Jacobsen S, Kiss E, Zeher MM, Tincani A et al (2009) Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 68(9):1428–1432
Nayfe R, Uthman I, Aoun J, Saad Aldin E, Merashli M, Khamashta MA (2013) Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 52:1358–1367
Petri M (2000) Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Autoimmun 15:145–151
Meroni PL, Borghi MO, Raschi E, Tedesco F (2011) Pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome: understanding the antibodies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(6):330–339
Ramesh S, Morrell CN, Tarango C, Thomas GD, Yuhanna IS, Girardi G, Herz J, Urbanus RT et al (2011) Antiphospholipid antibodies promote leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion and thrombosis in mice by antagonizing eNOS via β2GPI and apoER2. J Clin Invest 121:120–131
Vega-Ostertag M, Liu X, Kwan-Ki H, Chen P, Pierangeli S (2006) A human monoclonal antiprothrombin antibody is thrombogenic in vivo and upregulates expression of tissue factor and E-selectin on endothelial cells. Br J Haematol 135:214–219
Cuadrado MJ, Buendía P, Velasco F, Aguirre MA, Barbarroja N, Torres LA, Khamashta M, López-Pedrera C (2006) Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in monocytes from patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 4:2461–2469
Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA (2013) The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 368:1033–1044
Fischetti F, Durigutto P, Pellis V, Debeus A, Macor P, Bulla R, Bossi F, Ziller F et al (2005) Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to β2-glycoprotein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor. Blood 106:2340–2346
Pierangeli S et al (2005) Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum 52:2120–2124
Amigo MC, Garcia-Torres R, Robles M, Bochicchio T, Reyes PA (1992) Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 19:1181–1185
Sinico RA, Cavazzana I, Nuzzo M, Vianelli M, Napodano P, Scaini P, Tincani A (2010) Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: retrospective analysis of 160 patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1211–1217
Nochy D, Daugas E, Droz D, Beaufils H, Grunfeld JP, Piette JC, Bariety J, Hill G (1999) The intrarenal vascular lesions associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:507–518
Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group (2003) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 12(7):530–534
Cervera R, Rodrıguez-Pinto I, Espinosa G on behalf of the Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (2014) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: task force report summary. Lupus 23:1283–1285
Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Cavazzana A, Bagatella P, Pengo V (2009) Laboratory classification categories and pregnancy outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome prescribed antithrombotic therapy. Thromb Res 123:482–487
Pengo V, Denas G, Padayattil SJ, Zoppellaro G, Bison E, Banzato A, Hoxha A, Ruffatti A (2015) Diagnosis and therapy of antiphospholipid syndrome. Pol Arch Med Wewn 125(9):672–677
Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T (2003) Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome:a systematic review of the literature. Blood 101(5):1827–1832
Andreoli L, Chighizola CB, Banzato A, Pons-Estel GJ, de Jesus GR, Erkan D (2013) Estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with pregnancy morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis: a critical review of the literature. Arthritis Care Res 65(11):1869–1873
De Laat B, Derksen RH, Reber G, Musial J, Swadzba J, Bozic B, Cucnik S, Regnault V et al (2011) An international multicentre-laboratory evaluation of a new assay to detect specifically lupus anticoagulants dependent on the presence of anti-beta2-glycoprotein autoantibodies. J Thromb Haemost 9(1):149–153
Pengo V, Banzato A, Denas G, Jose SP, Bison E, Hoxha A, Ruffatti A (2013) Correct laboratory approach to APS diagnosis and monitoring. Autoimmun Rev 12:832–834
Moroni G, Ventura D, Riva P, Panzeri P, Quaglini S, Banfi G, Simonini P, Bader R, Meroni PL, Ponticelli C (2004) Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with an increased risk for chronic renal insufficiency in patients with lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 43:28–36
Mehrani T, Petri M (2011) IgM anti-β2 glycoprotein I is protective against lupus nephritis and renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 38:450–453
Kincaid Smith P, Fairley KF, Kloss M (1988) Lupus anticoagulant associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy and pregnancy-related renal failure. Q J Med 69:795–815
Scolari F, Savoldi S, Costantino E, Spitti C, Franceschini F, Tardanico R, Morassi L, Maiorca R (1993) Antiphospholipid syndrome and glomerular thrombosis in the absence of overt lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transpl 8:1274–1276
Saracino A, Ramunni A, Pannarale G, Coratelli P (2005) Kidney disease associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical signs and histopathological features in an case experience of five cases. Clin Nephrol 63(6):471–476
Fakhouri F, Noel LH, Zuber J, Beaufils H, Martinez F, Lebon P, Papo T, Chauveau D et al (2003) The expanding spectrum of renal diseases associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1205–1211
Pérez Velásquez C, Isenberg D, Croca S (2013) Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and lupus nephritis: a case-control study [abstract THU0308]. Ann Rheum Dis 72(Suppl. 3):270
Daugas E, Nochy D, Huong DL, Duhaut P, Beaufils H, Caudwell V, Bariety J, Piette JC, Hill G (2002) Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:42–52
Tektonidou MG, Sotsiou F, Nakopoulou L, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Moutsopoulos HM (2004) Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies: prevalence, clinical associations, and longterm outcome. Arthritis Rheum 50:2569–2579
D’Agati VD (2007) Renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. In: Jennette JC, Olson IL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (eds) Heptinstall’s pathology of the Kidney, 6th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 517–612
Banfi G, Bertani T, Boeri V, Faraggiana T, Mazzucco G, Monga G, Sacchi G (1991) Renal vascular lesions as a marker of poor prognosis in patients with lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 18:240–248
Moss KE, Isenberg DA (2001) Comparison of renal disease severity and outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and SLE alone. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40:863–867
Sangle SR, D’Cruz DP, Abbs IC, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR (2005) Renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients with antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: outcome following anticoagulation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44:372–377
Tektonidou MG (2009) Renal involvement in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)-APS nephropathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 36:131–140
Sciascia S, Cuadrado MJ, Khamasta M, Roccattello D (2014) Renal involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Rev Nephrol 10:279–289
Vaidya S, Wang CC, Gugliuzza C, Fish JC (1998) Relative risk of post-transplant renal thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Transplant 12(5):439–444
Wagenknecht DR, Becker DG, LeFor WM, McIntyre JA (1999) Antiphospholipid antibodies are a risk factor for early renal allograft failure. Transplantation 68(2):241–246
Friedman GS, Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B, Mathis AS, Bonomini L, Shah N, DeFranco P, Jacobs M et al (2001) Hypercoagulable states in renal transplant candidates: impact of anticoagulation upon incidence of renal allograft thrombosis. Transplantation 72(6):1073–1078
Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI (2014) The mTORC pathway in the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 371(4):369–371
Chighizola CB, Ubiali T, Meroni PL (2015) Treatment of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: the rationale of current management—an insight into future approaches. J Immunol Res 2015:951424. doi:10.1155/2015/951424
Sciascia S, Naretto C, Rossi D, Bazzan M, Roccatello D (2011) Treatment-induced downregulation of antiphospholipid antibodies: effect of rituximab alone on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 20:1106–1108
Korkmaz C, Kabukcuoglu S, Isiksoy S, Yalcin AU (2003) Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and its response to immunosuppressive therapy. Lupus 12:760–765
Ruiz-Irastorza G et al (2011) Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 20:206–218
Erkan D, Aguiar CL, Andrade D, Cohen H, Cuadrado MJ, Danowski A, Levy RA, Ortel TL et al (2014) 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force report on antiphospholipid syndrome treatment trends. Autoimmun Rev 13(6):685–696
Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, Denburg J, Hirsh J, Douketis J, Laskin C, Fortin P, Anderson D et al (2003) A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 349:1133–1138
Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, Schinco P, Wisloff F, Musial J, Baudo F, Berrettini M et al (2005) A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 3:848–853
Coloma Bazan E, Donate Lopez C, Moreno Lozano P, Cervera R, Espinosa G (2013) Discontinuation of anticoagulation or antiaggregation treatment may be safe in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome when antiphospholipid anti-bodies became persistently negative. Immunol Res 56(2–3):358–361
Criado-Garcıa J, Fernandez-Puebla RA, Lopez Jimenez L, Velasco F, Santamarıa Blanco-Molina MA (2008) Anticoagulation treatment withdrawal in primary antiphospholipid syndrome when anticardiolipin antibodies become negative. Rev Clin Esp 208(3):135–137
Erkan D, Aguiar CL, Andrade D, Cohen H, Cuadrado MJ, Danowski A, Levy RA, Ortel TL et al (2014) 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies: task force report on antiphospholipid syndrome treatment trends. Autoimmun Rev 13(6):685–696
Noel N, Dutasta F, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Bienvenu B, Mariette X, Geffray L, Sene D, Chaidi RB et al (2015) Safety and efficacy of new oral direct inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 14(8):680–685
Cohen H, Doré CJ, Clawson S, Hunt BJ, Isenberg D, Khamashta M, Muirhead N, Trial Protocol Collaborators RAPS (2015) Rivaroxaban in antiphospholipid syndrome (RAPS) protocol: a prospective, randomized controlled phase II/III clinical trial of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, with or without SLE. Lupus 24(10):1087–1094
Erkan D, Willis R, Murthy L et al (2014) A prospective open-label pilot study of fluvastatin on pro-in flammatory and pro-thrombotic biomarkers in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis 73(6):1176–1180
Khattri S, Zandman-Goddard G, Peeva E (2012) B-cell directed therapies in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome—new directions based on murine and human data. Autoimmun Rev 11(10):717–722
Erkan D, Vega J, Ramon G, Kozora E, Lockshin MD (2013) Rituximab in antiphospholipid syndrome (RITAPS)—a pilot open-label phase II prospective trial for non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 65:464–471
Berman H, Rodrıguez-Pinto I, Cervera R et al (2013) Rituximab use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab. Autoimmun Rev 12(11):1085–1090