Monitored natural attenuation of a long-term petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites: a case study
Tóm tắt
This study evaluated the potential of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a remedial option for groundwater at a long-term petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site in Australia. Source characterization revealed that total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as the major contaminant of concern in the smear zone and groundwater. Multiple lines of evidence involving the geochemical parameters, microbiological analysis, data modelling and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis all demonstrated natural attenuation of hydrocarbons occurring in the groundwater via intrinsic biodegradation. Groundwater monitoring data by Mann–Kendall trend analysis using properly designed and installed groundwater monitoring wells shows the plume is stable and neither expanding nor shrinking. The reason for stable plume is due to the presence of both active source and natural attenuation on the edge of the plume. Assuming no retardation and no degradation the contaminated plume would have travelled a distance of 1,096 m (best case) to 11,496 m (worst case) in 30 years. However, the plume was extended only up to about 170 m from its source. The results of these investigations provide strong scientific evidence for natural attenuation of TPH in this contaminated aquifer. Therefore, MNA can be applied as a defensible management option for this site following significant reduction of TPH in the source zone.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aburto A, Fahy A, Coulon F, Lethbridge G, Timmis KN, Ball AS, McGenity TJ (2009) Mixed aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities in benzene-contaminated groundwater. J Appl Microbiol 106:317–328
American Society for Testing and Materials (2004) STM E1943–98 (2004) Standard guide for remediation of groundwater by natural attenuation at petroleum release sites
Bockelmann A, Zamfirescu D, Ptak T, Grathwohl P, Teutsch G (2003) Quantification of mass fluxes and natural attenuation rates at an industrial site with a limited monitoring network: a case study. J Contam Hydrol 60:97–121
Cho JS, Wilson JT, Di Giulio DC, Vardy JA, Choi W (1997) Implementation of natural attenuation at a JP-4 jet fuel release after active remediation. Biodegradation 8:265–273
Clement TP, Johnson CD, Sun Y, Klecka GM, Bartlett C (2000) Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvent compounds: model development and field-scale application. J Contam Hydrol 42:113–140
Clement TP, Truex MJ, Lee PA (2002) Case study for demonstrating the application of U.S. EPA’s monitored natural attenuation screening protocol at a hazardous waste site. J Contam Hydrol 59:133–162
CWA (1972) Restricted substances from clean water regulations, Schedule 2
Douglas and Partners (1995) Contamination investigations, RAAF Base, Williamtown, Department of Defence. Report No 16756 B
Egis Consulting Australia (2001) RAAF Base Williamtown, EMP Phase 2 studies—site contamination study
ERM (2002) Groundwater monitoring, Williamtown RAAF Base. Department of Defence General Publication No. 273
ERM (2003) Monitoring Round, RAAF Base Williamtown Groundwater Monitoring Program for 2002 to 2005. Department of Defence
Haines JR, Wrenn BA, Holder EL, Strohmeier KL, Herrington RT, Venosa AD (1996) Measurement of hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations by a 96-well plate most-probable-number procedure. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 16:36–41
Kao CM, Wang CC (2000) Control of BTEX migration by intrinsic bioremediation at a gasoline spill site. Water Res 34:3413–3423
Kao CM, Huang WY, Chang LJ, Chien HGY, Hou F (2005) Application of monitored natural attenuation to remediate a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site. Water Sci Technol 53:321–328
Khan FI, Husain T (2003) Evaluation of a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site for natural attenuation using RBMNA methodology. Environ Model 18:179–194
Lee JY, Lee KK (2003) Viability of natural attenuation in a petroleum-contaminated shallow sandy aquifer. Environ Pollut 126:201–212
Lovley DR (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Microbiol Rev 55:259–287
Lu G, Clement TP, Zheng C, Wiedemeier TH (1999) Natural attenuation of BTEX compounds: model development and fieldscale application. GroundW 37:707–717
Megharaj M, Wittich R-M, Blasco R, Pieper DH, Timmis KN (1997) Superior survival and degradation of dibenzo-p-dioxin and bibenzofuran in soil by soil-adapted and non-adapted Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 48:109–114
National Research Council (NRC) (1993) In situ bioremediation, when does it work?. National Academy Press, Washington DC
NEPC (1999) Schedule B (1) Guidelines on the investigation levels for soil and groundwater National Environment Protection Council
NSW EPA (1994) Guidelines for assessing service station sites
Nyer EK, Boettcher G (2001) Seven easy steps and three difficult steps to natural attenuation. Groundw Monit Rem 21:42–47
Buscheck TE, O’Reilly, KTO, Nelson SN (1993) Evaluation of intrinsic bioremediation at field sites. In: Proceedings of the 1993 petroleum hydrocarbons and organic chemicals in groundwater: prevention, detection and restoration. Water Well Journal Publishing Co., Dublin, pp 367–371
Richnow HH, Annweiler E, Michaelis W, Meckenstock RU (2003) Microbial in situ degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a contaminated aquifer monitored by carbon isotope fractionation. J Contam Hydrol 65:101–120
RISC (2001) Technical guide—Appendix 3: closure by stability monitoring and petroleum closure by attenuation modelling
Rugner H, Finkel M, Kaschl A, Bittens B (2006) Application of monitored natural attenuation in contaminated land management- a review and recommended approach for Europe. Environ Sci Policy 9:568–576
Sanchez MA, Campbell LM, Brinker FA, Owens D (2000) Attenuation the natural way. A former wood-preserving site offers a case study for evaluating the potential of monitored natural attenuation. Ind Wastewater 5:37–42
Standards Australia AS4482.1 (2005) Australian Standard: guide to the sampling and investigation of potentially contaminated soil. Part 1: non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds, Sydney
Standards Australia AS5667.11 (1998) Australian Standard: water quality—Sampling—Guidance on sampling of groundwaters, Sydney
Suarez MP, Rifai HS (2002) Evaluation of BTEX remediation by natural attenuation at a coastal facility. Groundw Monit Rem 22:62–77
USEPA (2000) Practical methods for data analysis, U.S. EPA QA/G-9 QA00. Section 4.3.4
USEPA (2005) How to evaluate alternative cleanup technologies for underground storage tank sites, a guide for corrective action plan reviewers. EPA 510-R-04-002
USEPA (2009) Commonly asked questions regarding the use of natural attenuation for petroleum contaminated sites at federal facilities. http://www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/petrol.htm. Accessed 24 August 2010
Vroblesky DA, Chapelle FH (1994) Temporal and spatial changes of terminal electron-accepting processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer and the significance for contaminant biodegradation. Water Resour Res 30:1561–1570
Wiedemeier TH, Wilson JT, Kampbell DH, Miller RN, Hansen JE (1996) Approximation of biodegradation rate constants for monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) in ground water. Groundw Monit Rem 16:186–194
Wiedemeier TH, Rifai HS, Newell CJ, Wilson JT (1999) Natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in the subsurface. Wiley, New York