Electron microscopic observations on the development of the median eminence in perinatal rats

Shigeo Daikoku1, Tadao Kotsu1, Mitsuko Hashimoto1
1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan

Tóm tắt

This paper reports details of the development of the external layer of the median eminence with special reference to the appearance of the nerve terminals, containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles, in the outermost layer of a palisade structure (2–3 μ thick). Observations were made on perinatal rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (16, 18, 20 day fetuses and rats 5 hours, one 4, and 8 days after birth). The palisade structure of the outermost layer of the median eminence was first clearly detectable 5 hours after birth. Concomitantly, there was a marked increase in the number of nerve terminals in this layer. The nerve terminals containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles were seen in 18 day fetuses in the outermost layer of the median eminence. These nerve terminals increased in number during development, especially from the 20th day of fetal life to the 4th day after birth. The size range of the majority of the electron lucent vesicles did not change during development, but that of the core vesicles increased from 600–800 Å from the 18th to 20th day of fetal life. The initiation of neurohemal control of the adenohypophysial function by the hypothalamus is discussed.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aghajanian, G. K., Bloom, F. E.: Electron microscopic autoradiography of rat hypothalamus after injection of H3-norepinephrine. Science 153, 308–310 (1966).

Bak, I. J.: The ultrastructure of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus of the mouse and the cellular localization of catecholamines. Exp. Brain Res. 3, 40–57 (1967).

Bargmann, W.: Über das Zwischenhirn-Hypophysensystem von Fischen. Z. Zellforsch. 38, 275–298 (1953).

—, Knoop, A.: Über die morphologischen Beziehungen des neurosekretorischen Zwischenhirnsystem zum Zwischenlappen der Hypophyse (licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen). Z. Zellforsch. 52, 256–277 (1960).

—, Lindner, E., Andres, K. H.: Über Synapsen an endokrinen Epithelzellen und die Definition sekretorischer Neurone. Untersuchungen am Zwischenlappen der Katzenhypophyse. Z. Zellforsch. 77, 282–298 (1967).

Bartova, A.: Functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system during postnatal development in rats. Gen. comp. Endocr. 10, 235–239 (1968).

Bern, H. A., Nishioka, R. S., Newaldt, L. R., Farner, D. S.: Photoperiodic and osmotic influences on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Z. Zellforsch. 69, 198–227 (1966).

Campbell, H. J.: The development of the primary portal plexus in the median eminence of the rabbit. J. Anat. (Lond.) 100, 381–387 (1966).

Daikoku, S., Morishita, H., Hashimoto, T., Takahashi, A.: Light-microscopic studies on the development of the interrelationship between the neurosecretory pathway and the portal system in rats. Endocr. jap. 14, 209–224 (1967).

Daniel, A. R., Lederis, K.: Effects of ether anaesthesia and haemorrhage on hormone storage and ultrastructure of the rat neurohypophysis. J. Endocr. 34, 91–104 (1966).

De Iraldi, P., Duggan, H. F., De Robertis, E.: Adrenergic synaptic vesicles in the anterior hypothalamus of the rat. Anat. Rec. 145, 521–531 (1963).

De Iraldi, P., De Robertis, E.: Ultrastructure and function of catecholamine containing systems. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Endocrin. London, 1964.

— Etcheverry, G. J.: Granulated vesicles in retinal synapses and neurons. Z. Zellforsch. 81, 283–296 (1967).

De Robertis, E.: Histophysiology of synapses and neurosecretion. Oxford-London-Edinburg-New York-Paris-Frankfurt: Pergamon Press 1964.

— Salganicoff, L., Zieher, L. M., Rodriguez de Lores Arnaiz, G.: Acetylcholine and cholinesterase content of synaptic vesicles. Science 140, 300–301 (1963).

Diepen, R.: Der Hypothalamus. In: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, herausgeg. von W. Bargmann, IV (7). Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1962.

Duffy, P. E., Menefee, M.: Electron microscopic observations of neurosecretory granules, nerve and glial fibers, and blood vessels in the median eminence of the rabbit. Amer. J. Anat. 117, 251–286 (1965).

Eguchi, Y., Morikawa, Y.: A study of the rat thyroid during perinatal days with observations of compensatory changes following unilateral thyroidectomy. Anat. Rec.156, 415–421 (1966).

——: The effect of bilateral or unilateral adrenalectomy and bilateral thyroidectomy on the anterior pituitary of perinatal rats. Anat. Rec. 159, 357–364 (1967).

Etcheverry, G. J., Pellegrino de Iraldi, A.: Ultrastructure of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Anat. Rec. 160, 239–254 (1968).

Etkin, W.: Hypothalamic inhibition of pars intermedia activity in the frog. Gen. comp. Endocr., Suppl. 1, 148–159 (1962a).

—: Neurosecretory control of the pars intermedia. Gen. comp. Endocr. 2, 161–169 (1962b).

Falck, B., Hillarp, N. A., Thieme, G., Torp, A.: Fluorescence of catecholamines and related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 10, 348–354 (1962).

Florsheim, W. H., Faircloth, M. A., Corcorran, N. L., Rudko, P.: Perinatal thyroid function in the rat. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 52, 375–382 (1966).

— Rudko, P.: The development of portal system function in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 3, 89–98 (1968).

Fuxe, K.: Cellular localization of monoamines in the median eminence and the infundibular stem of some mammals. Z. Zellforsch. 61, 710–724 (1964).

— Hökfelt, T., Nilsson, O.: A fluoresconce and electronmicroscopic study on certain brain regions rich in monoamine terminals. Amer. J. Anat. 117, 33–45 (1965).

Gerschenfeld, H. M., Tramezzani, J. H., De Robertis, E.: Ultrastructure and function in neurohypophysis of the toad. Endocrinology 66, 741–762 (1960).

Glydon, R. St. J.: The development of the blood supply of the pituitary in the albino rat, with special reference to the portal vessels. J. Anat. (Lond.) 91, 237–244 (1957).

Guillemin, R.: The adenohypophysis and its hypothalamic control. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 29, 313–348 (1967).

Haltmeyer, G. C., Denenberg, V. H., Thatcher, J., Zarrow, M. X.: Response of the adrenal cortex of the neonatal rat after subjection to stress. Nature (Lond.) 212, 1371–1373 (1966).

Herlant, H.: Mode de libération des produits de neurosécrétion. In: Neurosecretion, ed. by F. Stutinsky, p. 20–35. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1967.

Hökfelt, T.: In vitro studies on central and peripheral monoamine neurons at the ultrastructural level. Z. Zellforsch. 91, 1–74 (1968).

Holmes, R. L., Knowles, F. G.: Synaptic vesicles in the neurohypophysis. Nature (Lond.) 185, 710–711 (1960).

Hyyppä, M.: Differentiation of the hypothalamic nuclei during ontogenetic development in the rat. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 129, 41–52 (1969).

Jost, A.: L'hypophyse antérieure du fetus. Extrait de la biol. méd. 51, 223–227 (1962).

Jost, A.: Full or partial maturation of fetal endocrine systems under pituitary control. Perspect. Biol. Med. 11, 371–375 (1968).

— Cohen, A.: Signification de l'“atrophie” des surrénales foetales du rat provoquée par l'hypophysectomie (décapitation). Develop. Biol. 14, 154–168 (1966).

— Dupouy, J.P., Monchamp, A.: Function corticotrope de l'hypophyse et hypothalamus chez le foetus de rat. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 262, 147–150 (1966).

Karlsson, U., Schultz, R. L.: Fixation of the central nervous system for electron microscopy by aldehyde perfusion. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 12, 160–186 (1965).

Kitchell, R. L., Wells, L. J.: Functioning of the hypophysis and adrenals in fetal rats: Effects of hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, castration, injected ACTH and implanted sex hormones. Anat. Rec. 112, 561–591 (1952).

Knigge, K. M., Joseph, S. A., Scott, D. E., Jacobs, J. J.: Observation on the architecture of the arcuate-median eminence region after deafferentation with reference to the organization of hypothalamic RF-producing elements. Sym. Neuroendocr. of Human Repro. Detroit (1969) (in press) (see Scott, D. E., and K. M. Knigge, 1970).

Knobil, E., Briggs, F. N.: Fetal-maternal endocrine interrelations: The hypophysis-adrenal system. Endocrinology 57, 147–152 (1955).

Knowles, F.: Techniques in the study of neurosecretion. In: Techniques in endocrine research, ed. by P. Eckstein and F. Knowles, p. 57–65. London and New York: Academic Press 1963.

—: Neuroendocrine correlations at the level of ultrastructure. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph. exp. 54, 343–358 (1965).

Kobayashi, H.: Histochemical, electron microscopic and pharmacologic studies on the median eminence. Proc. 2nd Intern. Congr. Endocrin. London 1964, pt. I, p. 570–576 (1965).

— Matsui, T.: Fine structure of the median eminence and its functional significance. In: Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 1969, eds. by W. F. Ganong and L. Martini, p. 3–46. New York-Oxford-Toronto: Oxford University Press 1969.

— Uemura, H., Oota, Y., Ishii, Su: Cholinergic substance in caudal neurosecretory storage organ of fish. Science 141, 714–715 (1963).

Kobayashi, T., Kobayashi, T., Yamamoto, K., Kaibara, M., Ajika, K.: Electron microscopic observation on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in rats. IV. Ultrafine structure of the developing median eminence. Endocr. jap. 15, 337–363 (1968).

Koelle, G. B.: A proposed dual neurohumoral role of acetylcholine: Its function at the pre- and post-synaptic sites. Nature (Lond.) 190, 208–211 (1961).

Kurosumi, K., Matsuzawa, T., Fujie, E.: Histological and histochemical studies on the rat pituitary pars intermedia. Arch. histol. Jap. 22, 209–227 (1962).

Landsmeer, L. M. F.: A survey of the analysis of hypophyseal vascularity. In: Advances in Neuroendocrinology, ed. by A. V. Nalbandov, p. 20–67. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press 1963.

Lederis, K.: An electron microscopical study of the human neurohypophysis. Z. Zellforsch. 65, 847–868 (1965).

Lenn, N. J.: Electron microscopic observations on monoamine containing brain stem neurons in normal and drug treated rats. Anat. Rec. 153, 399–406 (1965).

Luft, J. H.: Improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 9, 409–414 (1961).

Maunsbach, A. B.: The influence of different fixatives and fixation methods on the ultrastructure of rat kidney proximal tubule cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 15, 242–282 (1966).

Mazzuca, M.: Structure fine de l'éminence médiane du cobaye. J. Microscopie 4, 225–238 (1965).

McCann, S. M., Porter, J. C.: Hypothalamic pituitary stimulating and inhibiting hormones. Physiol. Rev. 40, 240–284 (1969).

Metuzals, J.: The structure of the hypothalamic final common path to the adenohypophysis in the cat. I. The periventricular area of the nucleus arcuatus and the eminentia mediana. J. comp. Neurol. 113, 103–137 (1959).

Meurling, P.: Nerves of the neuro-intermediate lobe of Etmopterus spinax (Elasmobranchi). Z. Zellfrosch. 61, 183–201 (1963).

Monroe, B. G.: A comparative study of the ultrastructure of the median eminence, infundibular stem and neural lobe of the hypophysis of the rat. Z. Zellforsch. 76, 405–432 (1967).

Oota, Y., Kobayashi, H.: Fine structure of the median eminence and pars nervosa of the pigeon. Annot. zool. jap. 35, 128–138 (1962).

Orden, L. S. van, Schaefer, J. M., Burke, I. P.: Identification of two norepinephrine storage compartments in nerve terminals by histochemistry and electron microscopy. Pharmacol. 11, 262 (1969).

Richardson, K. C.: The fine structure of the albino rabbit iris with special reference to the identification of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves and nerve endings in its intrinsic muscles. Amer. J. Anat. 114, 173–205 (1964).

Rinne, U. K., Arstila, A. U.: Electron microscopic evidence on the significance of the granular and vesicular inclusions of the neurosecretory nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat. I. Ultrastructural alterations after reserpin injection. Med. Pharmacol. exp. 15, 357–369 (1966).

Samel, M.: Thyroid function during postnatal development in the rat. Gen. comp. Endocr. 10, 229–234 (1968).

Sano, Y., Odake, G., Taketomo, S.: Fluorescence microscopic and electron microscopic observations on the tuberohypophyseal tract. Neuroendocrinology 2, 30–42 (1967).

Scharrer, E.: Das Hypophysen-Zwischenhirnsystem von Scyllium stellare. Z. Zellforsch. 37, 196–204 (1952).

Scott, D. E., Knigge, K. M.: Ultrastructural changes in the median eminence of the rat following deafferentation of the basal hypothalamus. Z. Zellforsch. 105, 1–32 (1970).

Smith, G. C., Simpson, R. W.: Monoamine fluorescence in the median eminence of fetal, neonatal and adult rats. Z. Zellforsch. 104, 541–556 (1970).

Spatz, H.: Neues über die Verknüpfung von Hypophyse und Hypothalamus. Acta neuroveg. (Wien) 3, 5–49 (1951).

Stutinsky, F.: Sur l'origine de la substance Gomori-positive du complexe hypothalamohypophysaire. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 145, 367–470 (1951).

—: Recherches expérimentales sur le complexe hypothalamo-neurohypophysaire. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph. exp. 46, 93–158 (1957a).

Stutinsky, F.: Recherches morphologiques sur le complexe hypothalamo-neurohypophysaire. Bull. Micr. appl., Mèm. hors, Sér. II, 1–90 (1957b).

Taxi, J., Droz, B.: Localization d'amines biogénes dans le système neurovégétatif périphérique. In: Neurosecretion, ed. by F. Stutinsky, p. 191–202. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1967.

Wittkowski, W.: Kapillaren und perikapilläre Räume im Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-System und ihre Beziehungen zum Nervengewebe. Eine elektronenmikroskopische Studie am Meerschweinchen. Z. Zellforsch. 81, 344–360 (1967).

Zambrano, D., De Robertis, E.: Ultrastructure of peptidergic and monoaminergic neurons in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the anuran batracians. Z. Zellforsch. 90, 230–244 (1968).

Ziegler, B.: Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pars intermedia und Neurohypophyse der Ratte. Z. Zellforsch. 59, 486–506 (1963).