Role of oxidative stress in infectious diseases. A review

Folia Microbiologica - Tập 58 - Trang 503-513 - 2013
Miroslav Pohanka1
1Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Tóm tắt

Oxidative stress plays a dual role in infections. Free radicals protect against invading microorganisms, and they can also cause tissue damage during the resulting inflammation. In the process of infection, there is generation of reactive species by myeloperoxidase, NADPH oxidase, and nitric oxide synthase. On the other hand, reactive species can be generated among others, by cytochrome P450, some metals, and xanthine oxidase. Some pathologies arising during infection can be attributed to oxidative stress and generation of reactive species in infection can even have fatal consequences. This article reviews the basic pathways in which reactive species can accumulate during infectious diseases and discusses the related health consequences.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abu Mraheil M, Billion A, Mohamed W, Rawool D, Hain T, Chakraborty T (2011) Adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to oxidative and nitrosative stress in IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 301(7):547–555. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.05.001 Allen RG, Lafuse WP, Powell ND, Webster Marketon JI, Stiner-Jones LM, Sheridan JF, Bailey MT (2012) Stressor-induced increase in microbicidal activity of splenic macrophages is dependent upon peroxynitrite production. Infect Immun 80(10):3429–3437 Amir M, Liu K, Zhao EP, Czaja MJ (2012) Distinct functions of JNK and c-Jun in oxidant-induced hepatocyte death. J Cell Biochem 113(10):3254–3265. doi:10.1002/jcb.24203 Angeloni C, Hrelia S (2012) Quercetin reduces inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated cardiomyoblasts. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. doi:10.1155/2012/837104 Atosuo JT, Lilius EM (2011) The real-time-based assessment of the microbial killing by the antimicrobial compounds of neutrophils. Sci Wold J 11:2382–2390 Awodele O, Olayemi SO, Nwite JA, Adeyemo TA (2012) Investigation of the levels of oxidative stress parameters in HIV and HIV-TB co-infected patients. J Infect Dev Ctries 6(1):79–85 Bandouchova H, Sedlackova J, Pohanka M, Novotny L, Hubalek M, Treml F, Vitula F, Pikula J (2009) Tularemia induces different biochemical responses in BALB/c mice and common voles. BMC Infect Dis 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-101 Bandouchova H, Pohanka M, Vlckova K, Damkova V, Peckova L, Sedlackova J, Treml F, Vitula F, Pikula J (2011) Biochemical responses and oxidative stress in Francisella tularensis infection: a European brown hare model. Acta Vet Scand 53. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-53-2 Bilgin R, Yalcin MS, Yucebilgic G, Koltas IS, Yazar S (2012) Oxidative stress in vivax malaria. Korean J Parasitol 50(4):375–377. doi:10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.375 Bode N, Massey C, Gonzalez-Alegre P (2012) DYT1 knock-in mice are not sensitized against mitochondrial complex-II inhibition. PLoS One 7(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042644 Brodsky IE, Medzhitov R (2011) Pyroptosis: macrophage suicide exposes hidden invaders. Curr Biol 21(2):R72–R75. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.008 Broz P, Monack DM (2011) Molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation during microbial infections. Immunol Rev 243:174–190. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01041.x Brugarolas P, Movahedzadeh F, Wang YH, Zhang N, Bartek IL, Gao YHN, Voskuil MI, Franzblau SG, He C (2012) The oxidation-sensing regulator (MosR) Is a new redox-dependent transcription factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 287(45). doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.388611 Bunupuradah T, Ubolyam S, Hansudewechakul R, Kosalaraksa P, Ngampiyaskul C, Kanjanavanit S, Wongsawat J, Luesomboon W, Pinyakorn S, Kerr S, Ananworanich J, Chomtho S, van der Lugt J, Luplertlop N, Ruxrungtham K, Puthanakit T, Grp PS (2012) Correlation of selenium and zinc levels to antiretroviral treatment outcomes in Thai HIV-infected children without severe HIV symptoms. Eur J Clin Nutr 66(8):900–905. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.57 Capone F, Guerriero E, Sorice A, Maio P, Colonna G, Castello G, Costantini S (2012) Characterization of metalloproteinases, oxidative status and inflammation levels in the different stages of fibrosis in HCV patients. Clin Biochem 45(7-8):525–529. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.02.004 Carnovale CE, Ronco MT (2012) Role of nitric oxide in liver regeneration. Ann Hepatol 11(5):636–647 Carr AC, McCall MR, Frei B (2000) Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species: reaction pathways and antioxidant protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20(7):1716–1723 Chen L, Zhang Q, Chang W, Du Y, Zhang H, Cao G (2012) Viral and host inflammation-related factors that can predict the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 43(13):1977–1987 Chochola J, Yamaguchi Y, Moguilevsky N, Bollen A, Strosberg AD, Stanislawski M (1994) Virucidal effect of myeloperoxidase on human-immunodeficiency-virus type1 infected. T-cells Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38(5):969–972 Choi J (2012) Oxidative stress, endogenous antioxidants, alcohol, and hepatitis C: pathogenic interactions and therapeutic considerations. Free Radic Biol Med 52(7):1135–1150. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.008 deBruijne J, Bergmann JF, Reesink HW, Weegink CJ, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J, Tong X, Li J, Treitel MA, Hughes EA, van Lier JJ, van Vliet AA, Janssen HL, de Knegt RJ (2010) Antiviral activity of narlaprevir combined with ritonavir and pegylated interferon in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 52(5):1590–1599 Deshmane SL, Mukerjee R, Fan S, DelValle L, Michiels C, Sweet T, Rom I, Khalili K, Rappaport J, Amini S, Sawaya BE (2009) Activation of the oxidative stress pathway by HIV-1 Vpr leads to induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression. J Biol Chem 284(17):11364–11373 Doyle T, Chen Z, Muscoli C, Bryant L, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Dagostino C, Ryerse J, Rausaria S, Kamadulski A, Neumann WL, Salvemini D (2012) Targeting the overproduction of peroxynitrite for the prevention and reversal of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 32(18):6149–6160 Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 82(1):47–95. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2001 Du YL, Zhang H, He Y, Huang F, He ZG (2012) Mycobacterium smegmatis Lsr2 physically and functionally interacts with a new flavoprotein involved in bacterial resistance to oxidative stress. J Biochem 152(5):479–486. doi:10.1093/jb/mvs095 Duygu F, Karsen H, Aksoy N, Taskin A (2012a) Relationship of oxidative stress in hepatitis B infection activity with HBV DNA and fibrosis. Ann Lab Med 32(2):113–118. doi:10.3343/alm.2012.32.2.113 Duygu F, Koruk ST, Karsen H, Aksoy N, Taskin A, Hamidanoglu M (2012b) Prolidase and oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Lab Anal 26(4):232–237. doi:10.1002/jcla.21510 Ekor M, Odewabi AO, Kale OE, Adesanoye OA, Bamidele TO (2013) Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, lowers plasma cholesterol and attenuates hepatic lipid peroxidation during carbon-tetrachloride-associated hepatotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 36(1):1–8. doi:10.3109/01480545.2011.642380 El-Bejjani D, Hazen SL, Mackay W, Glass NE, Hulgan T, Tungsiripat M, McComsey GA (2008) Higher plasma myeloperoxidase levels are not associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events in HIV-infected adults. HIV Clin Trials 9(3):207–211. doi:10.1310/hct0903-207 Erdogan S, Tosyali E, Duzguner V, Kucukgul A, Aslantas O, Celik S (2010) Cisplatin reduces Brucella melitensis-infected cell number by inducing apoptosis, oxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Res Vet Sci 88(2):218–226. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.09.002 Esrefoglu M (2012) Oxidative stress and benefits of antioxidant agents in acute and chronic hepatitis. Hepat Mon 12(3):160–167. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.837 Evans LC, Liu HS, Pinkas GA, Thompson LP (2012) Chronic hypoxia increases peroxynitrite, MMP9 expression, and collagen accumulation in fetal guinea pig hearts. Pediatr Res 71(1):25–31. doi:10.1038/pr.2011.10 Farias MS, Budni P, Ribeiro CM, Parisotto EB, Santos CEI, Dias JF, Dalmarco EM, Frode TS, Pedrosa RC, Wilhelm D (2012) Antioxidant supplementation attenuates oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterol Hepatol 35(6):386–394. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2012.03.004 Flora SJ (2009) Structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants for strategies against metal and metalloid exposure. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2(4):191–206 Fukui M, Choi HJ, Zhu BT (2012) Rapid generation of mitochondrial superoxide induces mitochondrion-dependent but caspase-independent cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells that morphologically resembles necroptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 262(2):156–166. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.030 Ghashghaeinia M, Cluitmans JCA, Akel A, Dreischer P, Toulany M, Koberle M, Skabytska Y, Saki M, Biedermann T, Duszenko M, Lang F, Wieder T, Bosman G (2012) The impact of erythrocyte age on eryptosis. Br J Haematol 157(5):606–614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09100.x Gilmour MI (2012) Influence of air pollutants on allergic sensitization: the paradox of increased allergies and decreased resistance to infection. Toxicol Pathol 40(2):312–314. doi:10.1177/0192623311431949 Granados-Oliveros G, Gomez-Vidales V, Nieto-Camacho A, Morales-Serna JA, Cardenas J, Salmon M (2013) Photoproduction of H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals catalysed by natural and super acid-modified montmorillonite and its oxidative role in the peroxidation of lipids. RSC Adv 3(3):937–944. doi:10.1039/c2ra22393g Granot E, Golan D, Rivkin L, Kohen R (1999) Oxidative stress in healthy breast fed versus formula fed infants. Nutr Res 19(6):869–879. doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(99)00047-0 Guasti PN, Freitas-Dell’aqua CP, Maziero RRD, Monteiro GA, Hartwig FP, Lisboa FP, Papa PM, Papa FO (2013) Lipid peroxidation and genertion of hydrogen peroxide from subfertile stallion spermatozoa during storage at refrigeration temperature. Reprod Fertil Dev 25(1):157–157 Guo CH, Chen PC, Lin KP, Shih MY, Ko WS (2012) Trace metal imbalance associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory status in anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive subjects. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 33(2):288–296. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.018 Harzand A, Tamariz L, Hare JM (2012) Uric acid, heart failure survival, and the impact of xanthine oxidase inhibition. Congest Heart Fail 18(3):179–182 He Y, Abid A, Fisher R, Eller N, Mikolajczyk M, Welliver RC, Bonner AB, Scott DE, Reed JL (2012) Mucosal antibody responses are directed by viral burden in children with acute influenza infection. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00346.x Henry T, Monack DM (2007) Activation of the inflammasome upon Francisella tularensis infection: interplay of innate immune pathways and virulence factors. Cell Microbiol 9(11):2543–2551. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01022.x Hnizdova I, Luhova L, Petrivalsky M (2009) Protein nitration by reactive nitrogen species. Chem List 103(10):788–794 Hood ED, Greineder CF, Dodia C, Han J, Mesaros C, Shuvaev VV, Blair IA, Fisher AB, Muzykantov VR (2012) Antioxidant protection by PECAM-targeted delivery of a novel NADPH-oxidase inhibitor to the endothelium in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.031 Hsieh SL, Wu MF, Chen ST (2012) Inflammatory macrophages in dengue virus infection pyroptosis, infectivity, and enhancement of endothelial permeability. J Immunol 188 Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, Beckman JS (1992) Peroxynitrite formation from macrophage-derived nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 298:446–451 Jayakumar R, Kanthimathi MS (2012) Dietary spices protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and inhibit nicotine-induced cancer cell migration. Food Chem 134(3):1580–1584. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.101 Jena P, Mohanty S, Mohanty T, Kallert S, Morgelin M, Lindstrom T, Borregaard N, Stenger S, Sonawane A, Sorensen OE (2012) Azurophil granule proteins constitute the major mycobactericidal proteins in human neutrophils and enhance the killing of mycobacteria in macrophages. PLoS One 7(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050345 Jetter A, Fatkenheuer G, Frank D, Klaassen T, Seeringer A, Doroshyenko O, Kirchheiner J, Hein W, Schoming E, Fuhr U, Wyen C (2010) Do activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein differ between healthy volunteers and HIV-infected patients? Antivir Ther 15(7):975–983 Jones AE, Brown KC, Werner RE, Gotzkowsky K, Gaedigk A, Blake M, Hein DW, van der Horst C, Kashuba AD (2010) Variability in drug metabolizing enzyme activity in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 66(5):475–485 Jung N, Lehmann C, Knispel M, Meuer EK, Fischer J, Fatkenheuer G, Hartmann P, Taubert D (2012) Long-term beneficial effect of protease inhibitors on the intrinsic apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 13(8):469–478. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00999.x Juranek I, Bezek S (2005) Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species—cause or consequence of tissue injury? Gen Physiol Biophys 24(3):263–278 Juranek I, Horakova L, Rackova L, Stefek M (2010) Antioxidants in treating pathologies involving oxidative damage: an update on medicinal chemistry and biological activity of stobadine and related pyridoindoles. Curr Med Chem 17(6):552–570 Khan MU, Cheema Y, Shahbaz AU, Ahokas RA, Sun Y, Gerling IC, Bhattacharya SK, Weber KT (2012) Mitochondria play a central role in nonischemic cardiomyocyte necrosis: common to acute and chronic stressor states. Pflugers Arch 464(1):123–131. doi:10.1007/s00424-012-1079-x Klein JA, Ackerman SL (2003) Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 111(6):785–793 Kobayashi SD, Braughton KR, Palazzolo-Ballance AM, Kennedy AD, Sampaio E, Kristosturyan E, Whitney AR, Sturdevant DE, Dorward DW, Holland SM, Kreiswirth BN, Musser JM, Deleo FR (2010) Rapid neutrophil destruction following phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. J Innate Immun 2(6):560–575. doi:10.1159/000317134 Kokoglu OF, Ucmak H, Kurutas EB, Kuzhan N, Toprak R, Cetinkaya A, Kantarceken B, Atalay F (2012) Oxidative stress biomarkers in urine of patients with hepatitis B and C. Balk Med J 29(1):39–42. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2011.006 Kolachi NF, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, Baig JA, Wadhwa SK, Khan S, Shah F, Jamali MK, Arain MB (2011) Distribution of copper, iron, and zinc in biological samples (scalp hair, serum, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A-E) patients and controls. Biol Trace Elem Res 143(1):116–130. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8852-5 Korkmaz A, Reiter RJ, Topal T, Manchester LC, Oter S, Tan DX (2009) Melatonin: an established antioxidant worthy of use in clinical trials. Mol Med 15(1-2):43–50 Krishnamurthy N, Ghosh C, Sumathi ME, Ashakiran S, Dayanand CD (2012) Biological vs chemically induced hepatitis—a comparative study of oxidative stress parameters. Biomed Res-India 23(2):289–294 Kullisaar T, Turk S, Punab M, Mandar R (2012) Oxidative stress-cause or consequence of male genital tract disorders? Prostate 72(9):977–983. doi:10.1002/pros.21502 Kumar A (2012) HIV and substance abuse. Curr HIV Res 10(5):365–365 Lang E, Qadri SM, Lang F (2012a) Killing me softly—suicidal erythrocyte death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44(8):1236–1243. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.019 Lang F, Lang E, Foller M (2012b) Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis. Transfus Med Hemother 39(5):308–314. doi:10.1159/000342534 LeBlanc JJ, Davidson RJ, Hoffman PS (2006) Compensatory functions of two alkyl hydroperoxide reductases in the oxidative defense system of Legionella pneumophila. J Bacteriol 188(17):6235–6244. doi:10.1128/jb.00635-06 Lee IT, Yang CM (2012) Role of NADPH oxidase/ROS in pro-inflammatory mediators-induced airway and pulmonary diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 84(5):581–590 Letonja MS, Nikolajevic-Starcevic J, Batista DCB, Osredkar J, Petrovic D (2012) Association of the C242T polymorphism in the NADPH oxidase p22 phox gene with carotid atherosclerosis in Slovenian patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Biol Rep 39(12):10121–10130. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-1886-3 Lindgren H, Shen H, Zingmark C, Golovliov I, Conlan W, Sjostedt A (2007) Resistance of Francisella tularensis strains against reactive nitrogen and oxygen species with special reference to the role of KatG. Infect Immun 75(3):1303–1309. doi:10.1128/iai.01717-06 Llewellyn AC, Jones CL, Napier BA, Bina JE, Weiss DS (2011) Macrophage replication screen identifies a novel Francisella hydroperoxide resistance protein involved in virulence. PLoS One 6(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024201 Lu D, Ma Y, Zhang W, Bao D, Dong W, Lian H, Huang L, Zhang L (2012) Knockdown of cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in the cTnT(R141W) dilated cardiomyopathy transgenic mice. Hypertension 60(1):81–89 Luchtemberg MN, Petronilho F, Constantino L, Gelain DP, Andrades M, Ritter C, Moreira JC, Streck EL, Dal-Pizzol F (2008) Xanthine oxidase activity in patients with sepsis. Clin Biochem 41(14-15):1186–1190. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.07.015 Lupescu A, Jilani K, Zbidah M, Lang F (2012) Induction of apoptotic erythrocyte death by rotenone. Toxicology 300(3):132–137. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.007 Malaguarnera G, Cataudella E, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Chisari G, Malaguarnera M (2012) Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents. World J Gastroenterol 18(22):2756–2766 Manda KR, Banerjee A, Banks WA, Ercal N (2011) Highly active antiretroviral therapy drug combination induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in immortalized human blood–brain barrier endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 50(7):801–810. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.029 Miao EA, Rajan JV, Aderem A (2011) Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death. Immunol Rev 243:206–214. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01044.x Naganto AC, Bezerra FS, Lanzetti M, Lopes AA, Silva MA, Porto LC, Valenca SS (2012) Time course of inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue damage induced by hyperoxia in mouse lungs. Int J Exp Pathol 93(4):269–278 Nahon P, Sutton A, Rufat P, Charnaux N, Mansouri A, Moreau R, Ganne-Carrie N, Grando-Lemaire V, N’Kontchou G, Trinchet JC, Pessayre D (2012) A variant in myeloperoxidase promoter hastens the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol 56(2):426–432 Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT (2012) Cytochrome P450 1A1-mediated anticancer drug discovery: in silico findings. Expert Opin Drug Discov 7(9):771–789 Navarova J, Ujhazy E, Dubovicky M, Mach M (2004) Effect of melatonin on biochemical variables induced by phenytoin in organs of mothers, foetuses and offsprings of rats. Centr Eur J Public Health 12:S67–S69 Navarova J, Ujhazy E, Dubovicky M, Mach M (2005) Phenytoin induced oxidative stress in pre- and postnatal rat development—effect of vitamin E on selective biochemical variables. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 149(2):325–328 Nickel D, Busch M, Mayer D, Hagemann B, Knoll V, Stenger S (2012) Hypoxia triggers the expression of human β defensin 2 and antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages. J Immunol 188(8):4001–4007 Nunez MT, Urrutia P, Mena N, Aguirre P, Tapia V, Salazar J (2012) Iron toxicity in neurodegeneration. Biometals 25(4):761–776 Ortiz GG, Benitez-King GA, Rosales-Corral SA, Pacheco-Moises FP, Velazquez-Brizuela IE (2008) Cellular and biochemical actions of melatonin which protect against free radicals: role in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(3):203–214 Otang WM, Grierson DS, Ndip RN (2012) Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of two South African medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of opportunistic fungal infections in HIV/AIDS patients. BMC Complement Altern Med 12. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-43 Paauw A, Leverstein-van Hall MA, van Kessel KPM, Verhoef J, Fluit AC (2009) Yersiniabactin reduces the respiratory oxidative stress response of innate immune cells. PLoS One 4(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008240 Parmely MJ, Fischer JL, Pinson DM (2009) Programmed cell death and the pathogenesis of tissue injury induced by type A Francisella tularensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 301(1):1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01791.x Pasalic D, Marinkovic N, Feher-Turkovic L (2012) Uric acid as one of the important factors in multifactorial disorders—facts and controversies. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 22(1):63–75 Pene F, Grimaldi D, Zuber B, Sauneuf B, Rousseau C, El Hachem C, Martin C, Belaidouni N, Balloy V, Mira JP, Chiche JD (2012) Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency increases resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in the setting of sepsis-induced immune dysfunction. J Infect Dis 206(6):932–942. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis438 Perluigi M, Coccia R, Butterfield DA (2012) 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic combination illuminated by redox proteomics studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 17(11):1590–1609. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4406 Persidsky Y, Ho WZ, Ramirez SH, Potula R, Abood ME, Unterwald E, Tuma R (2011) HIV-1 infection and alcohol abuse: neurocognitive impairment, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and therapeutic interventions. Brain Behav Immun 25:S61–S70. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.001 Pohanka M (2011) Alzheimer’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders: implication and counteracting of melatonin. J Appl Biomed 9(4):185–196. doi:10.2478/v10136-011-0003-6 Pohanka M, Snopkova S, Havlickova K, Bostik P, Sinkorova Z, Fusek J, Kuca K, Pikula J (2011a) Macrophage-assisted inflammation and pharmacological regulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Curr Med Chem 18(4):539–551 Pohanka M, Sobotka J, Stetina R (2011b) Sulfur mustard induced oxidative stress and its alteration by epigallocatechin gallate. Toxicol Lett 201(2):105–109. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.011 Pohanka M, Pavlis O, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Sochor J, Sobotka J, Pikula J, Adam V, Kizek R (2012) Tularemia progression accompanied with oxidative stress and antioxidant alteration in spleen and liver of BALB/c mice. J Microbiol 50(3):401–408. doi:10.1007/s12275-012-1621-8 Porter KM, Sutliff RL (2012) HIV-1, reactive oxygen species, and vascular complications. Free Radic Biol Med 53(1):143–159. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.019 Ramalingam M, Kim SJ (2012) Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and their functional correlations in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm 119(8):891–910. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0758-7 Rathinam VAK, Vanaja SK, Fitzgerald KA (2012) Regulation of inflammasome signaling. Nat Immunol 13(4):333–342. doi:10.1038/ni.2237 Rinaldi S, Landucci F, De Gaudio AR (2009) Antioxidant therapy in critically septic patients. Curr Drug Targets 10(9):872–880 Robinson MA, Baumgardner JE, Otto CM (2011) Oxygen-dependent regulation of nitric oxide production by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Free Radic Biol Med 51(11):1952–1965 Saito M, Nameda S, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N (2009) Effect of SPG/indomethacin treatment on sepsis, interleukin-6 production, and expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms in differing strains of mice. J Immunotoxicol 6(1):42–48 Sanchez-Lopez F, Tasset I, Aguera E, Feijoo M, Fernandez-Bolanos R, Sanchez FM, Ruiz MC, Cruz AH, Gascon F, Tunez I (2012) Oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in the blood of patients with Huntington’s disease. Neurol Res 34(7):721–724. doi:10.1179/1743132812y.0000000073 Schiavone S, Sorce S, Dubois-Dauphin M, Jaquet V, Colaianna M, Zotti M, Cuomo V, Trabace L, Krause KH (2009) Involvement of NOX2 in the development of behavioral and pathologic alterations in isolated rats. Biol Psychiatry 66(4):384–392 Schiavone S, Jaquet V, Sorce S, Dubois-Dauphin M, Hultqvist M, Backdahl L, Holmdahl R, Colaianna M, Cuomo V, Trabace L, Krause KH (2012) NADPH oxidase elevations in pyramidal neurons drive psychosocial stress-induced neuropathology. Transl Psychiatry 2:e111 Seija M, Baccino C, Nin N, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Granados R, Ferruelo A, Martinez-Caro L, Ruiz-Cabello J, de Paula M, Noboa O, Esteban A (2012) Role of peroxynitrite in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in an experimental model of sepsis in rats. Shock 38(4):403–410 Sharma L, Kaur J, Shukla G (2012) Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in the placental pathology of Plasmodium berghei infected mice. PLoS One 7(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032694 Shen H, Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid. Atmos Chem Phys 11(18):9671–9682 Singhal N, Fergusson D, Huff H, Mills EJ, la Porte C, Walmsley S, Cameron DW (2010) Design and methods of the MAINTAIN study: a randomized controlled clinical trial of micronutrient and antioxidant supplementation in untreated HIV infection. Contemp Clin Trials 31(6):604–611. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.08.003 Stevanin TM, Laver JR, Poole RK, Moir JWB, Read RC (2007) Metabolism of nitric oxide by Neisseria meningitidis modifies release of NO-regulated cytokines and chemokines by human macrophages. Microbes Infect 9(8):981–987. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.002 Strowig T, Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Flavell R (2012) Inflammasomes in health and disease. Nature 481(7381):278–286. doi:10.1038/nature10759 Sung HJ, Son SJ, Yang SJ, Rhee KJ, Kim YS (2012) Increased expression of interleukin-1 beta in triglyceride-induced macrophage cell death is mediated by p38 MAP kinase. BMB Rep 45(7):414–418. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.7.088 Suzuki T, Nunez G (2008) A role for Nod-like receptors in autophagy induced by Shigella infection. Autophagy 4(1):73–75 Swerdlow RH (2012) Alzheimer’s disease pathologic cascades: who comes first, what drives what. Neurotox Res 22(3):182–194. doi:10.1007/s12640-011-9272-9 Tamagno E, Guglielmotto M, Monteleone D, Tabaton M (2012) Amyloid-beta production: major link between oxidative stress and BACE1. Neurotox Res 22(3):208–219. doi:10.1007/s12640-011-9283-6 Tavakoli S, Asmis R (2012) Reactive oxygen species and thiol redox signaling in the macrophage biology of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 17(12):1785–1795. doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4638 Tawadrous GA, Aziz AA, Amin DG, Eldemery A, Mostafa MAA (2012) RANTES, TNF-alpha, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in hepatitis C virus infection. J Invest Med 60(6):878–882 Van Laer K, Buts L, Foloppe N, Vertommen D, Van Belle K, Wahni K, Roos G, Nilsson L, Mateos LM, Rawat M, van Nuland NAJ, Messens J (2012) Mycoredoxin-1 is one of the missing links in the oxidative stress defence mechanism of mycobacteria. Mol Microbiol 86(4):787–804. doi:10.1111/mmi.12030 Vidrio E, Jung H, Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions. Atmos Environ 42(18):4369–4379 Vlasova I, Vakhrusheva TV, Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Gusev AA, Gusev SA, Melnikova VI, Lobach AS (2012) PEGylated single-walled carbon nanotubes activate neutrophils to increase production of hypochlorous acid, the oxidant capable of degrading nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 264(1):131–142. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.027 Volti GL, Musumeci T, Pignatello R, Murabito P, Barbagallo I, Carbone C, Gullo A, Puglisi G (2012) Antioxidant potential of different melatonin-loaded nanomedicines in an experimental model of sepsis. Exp Biol Med 237(6):670–677. doi:10.1258/ebm.2012.011425 Wang J, Yuan XP, Sun BG, Cao YP (2011) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by enzymatic hydrolysates from wheat bran. Food Technol Biotechnol 49(4):481–488 Whited CA, Warren JJ, Lavoie KD, Weinert EE, Agapie T, Winkler JR, Grayt HB (2012) Gating NO release from nitric oxide synthase. J Am Chem Soc 134(1):27–30. doi:10.1021/ja2069533 Yamakura F, Taka H, Fujimura T, Murayama K (1998) Inactivation of human manganese-superoxide dismutase by peroxynitrite is caused by exclusive nitration of tyrosine 34 to 3-nitrotyrosine. J Biol Chem 273(23):14085–14089 Zang QS, Sadek H, Maass DL, Martinez B, Ma LS, Kilgore JA, Williams NS, Frantz DE, Wigginton JG, Nwariaku FE, Wolf SE, Minei JP (2012) Specific inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress suppresses inflammation and improves cardiac function in a rat pneumonia-related sepsis model. Am J Physiol-Heart Circul Physiol 302(9):H1847–H1859. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00203.2011 Zhong Y, Ma CM, Shahidi F (2012) Antioxidant and antiviral activities of lipophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives. J Funct Food 4(1):87–93. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.003 Zhou KQ, Canning C, Sun S (2013) Effects of rice protein hydrolysates prepared by microbial proteases and ultrafiltration on free radicals and meat lipid oxidation. LWT-Food Sci Technol 50(1):331–335. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.002