Liquidus phase relations on the join diopside-forsterite-anorthite from 1 atm to 20 kbar: Their bearing on the generation and crystallization of basaltic magma
Tóm tắt
In the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, the tetrahedron CaMgSi2O6(di)-Mg2SiO4(fo)-SiO2-CaAl2 SiO6(CaTs) forms a simplified basalt tetrahedron, and within this tetrahedron, the plane di-fo-CaAl2Si2O8(an) separates simplified tholeiitic from alkalic basalts. Liquidus phase relations on this join have been studied at 1 atm and at 7, 10, 15, and 20 kbar. The temperature maximum on the 1 atm isobaric quaternary univariant line along which forsterite, diopside, anorthite, and liquid are in equilibrium lies to the SiO2-rich side of the join di-fo-an. The isobaric quaternary invariant point at which forsterite, diopside, anorthite, spinel, and liquid are in equilibrium passes, with increasing pressure, from the silica-poor to the silica-rich side of the join di-fo-an, which causes the piercing points on this join to change from forsterite+diopside+anorthite+liquid and forsterite +spinel+anorthite+liquid below 5 kbar to forsterite +diopside+spinel+liquid and diopside +spinel+anorthite+liquid above 5 kbar. As pressure increases, the forsterite and anorthite fields contract and the diopside and corundum fields expand. The anorthite primary phase field disappears entirely from the join di-fo-an between 15 and 20 kbar. Below about 4 kbar, the join di-fo-an represents, in simplified form, a thermal divide between alkalic and tholeiitic basalts. From about 4 to at least 12 kbar, alkalic basalts can produce tholeiitic basalts by fractional crystallization, and at pressures above about 12 kbar, it is possible for alkalic basalt to be produced from oceanite by crystallization of both olivine and orthopyroxene. If alkalic basalts are primary melts from a lherzolite mantle, they must be produced at high pressures, probably greater than about 12 kbar.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andersen, O.: The system anorthite-forsterite-silica. Am. J. Sci. 39 (Fourth Ser.), 407–454 (1915)
Anonymous: The international practical temperature scale of 1968. Metrologia 5, 35–44 (1968)
Bowen, N.L.: The ternary system diopside-forsterite-silica. Am. J. Sci. 38, (Fourth Ser.), 207–264 (1914)
Bowen, N.L.: The evolution of the igneous rocks. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press 1928
Boyd, F.R., England, J.L.: Apparatus for phase equilibrium measurements at pressures up to 50 kilobars and temperatures up to 1750 ° C. J. Geophys. Res. 65, 741–748 (1960)
Boyd, F.R., England, J.L.: Effect of pressure on the melting of diopside, CaMgSi2O6, and albite, NaAlSi3O8, in the range up to 50 kilobars. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 311–323 (1963)
Boyd, F.R., England, J.L., Davis, B.T.C.: Effects of pressure on the melting and polymorphism of enstatite, MgSiO3. J. Geophys. Res. 69, 2101–2109 (1964)
Carmichael, I.S.E., Turner, F.J., Verhoogen, F.J.: Igneous petrology. New York: McGraw-Hill 1974
Chen, C.-H., Presnall, D.C.: The system Mg2SiO4-SiO2 at pressures up to 25 kilobars. Am. Mineral. 60, 398–406 (1975)
Chinner, G.A., Schairer, J.F.: The join Ca3Al2Si3O12-Mg3Al2-Si3O12 and its bearing on the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 at atmospheric pressure. Am. J. Sci. 260, 611–634 (1962)
Clark, S.P., Jr., Schairer, J.F., de Neufville, J.: Phase relations in the system CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2SiO6-SiO2 at low and high pressure. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 61, 59–68 (1962)
Davis, B.T.C., England, J.L.: The melting of forsterite up to 50 kilobars. J. Geophys. Res. 69, 1113–1116 (1964)
Delaney, J.R., Muenow, D., Ganguly, J., Royce, D.: Anhydrous glass-vapor inclusions from phenocrysts in oceanic tholeiite pillow basalts. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 58, 530 (1977)
Delaney, J.R., Muenow, D.W., Graham, D.G.: Abundance and distribution of water, carbon and sulfur in the glassy rims of submarine pillow basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (accepted for publication)
Eggler, D.H.: Role of CO2 in melting processes in the mantle. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 72, 457–467 (1973)
Eggler, D.H.: Volatiles in ultrabasic and derivative rock systems. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 73, 215–224 (1974)
Engel, A.E.J., Engel, C.G., Havens, R.G.: Chemical characteristics of oceanic basalts and the upper mantle. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 76, 719–734 (1965)
Gast, P.W.: Trace element fractionation and the origin of tholeiitic and alkaline magma types. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 32, 1057–1086 (1968)
Green, D.H.: The origin of basaltic and nephelinitic magmas in the earth's mantle. Tectonophysics 7, 409–422 (1969)
Green, D.H., Ringwood, A.E.: The genesis of basaltic magmas. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 15, 103–190 (1967)
Hariya, Y., Kennedy, G.C.: Equilibrium study of anorthite under high pressure and temperature, Am. J. Sci. 266, 193–203 (1968)
Hart, S.R., Nalwalk, A.J.: K, Rb, Cs and Sr relationships in submarine basalts from the Puerto Rico trench. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 145–155 (1970)
Hytönen, K., Schairer, J.F.: The system enstatite-anorthite-diopside. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 59, 71–72 (1960)
Hytönen, K., Schairer, J.F.: The plane enstatite-anorthite-diopside and its relation to basalts. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 60, 125–141 (1961)
Ibarrola, E.: Variation trends in basaltic rocks of the Canary Islands. Bull. Volcanol. 33, 729–777 (1969)
Killingley, J.S., Muenow, D.W.: Volatiles from Hawaiian submarine basalts determined by dynamic high temperature mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 1467–1473 (1975)
Kuno, H., Yamasaki, K., Iida, C., Nagashima, K.: Differentiation of Hawaiian magmas. Japan. J. Geol. Geog. 28, 179–218 (1957)
Kushiro, I.: Compositions of magmas formed by partial zone melting of the earth's upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 619–634 (1968)
Kushiro, I.: The system forsterite-diopside-silica with and without water at high pressures. Am. J. Sci. 267A, 269–294 (1969a)
Kushiro, I.: Discussion of the paper “the origin of basaltic and nephelinitic magmas in the earth's mantle” (D.H. Green, ed.) Tectonophysics 7, 427–436 (1969b)
Kushiro, I.: Determination of liquidus relations in synthetic silicate systems with electron probe analysis: the system forsterite-diopside-silica at 1 atmosphere. Am. Mineral. 57, 1260–1271 (1972a)
Kushiro, I.: Partial melting of synthetic and natural peridotites at high pressures. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 71, 357–362 (1972b)
Kushiro, I.: Effect of water on the composition of magmas formed at high pressures. J. Petrol. 13, 311–334 (1972c)
Kushiro, I.: Origin of some magmas in oceanic and circum-oceanic regions. Tectonophysics 17, 211–222 (1973a)
Kushiro, I.: Partial melting of garnet lherzolites from kimberlite at high pressures. In: Lesotho Kimberlites (P.H. Nixon, ed.), pp. 294–299. Cape Town, South Africa: Lesotho National Development Corp. 1973b
Kushiro, I.: On the nature of silicate melt and its significance in magma genesis: regularities in the shift of the liquidus boundaries involving olivine, pyroxene, and silica minerals. Am. J. Sci. 275, 411–431 (1975)
Kushiro, I., Schairer, J.F.: New data on the system diopside-forsterite-silica. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 62, 95–103 (1963)
Kushiro, L., Yoder, H.S., Jr.: Anorthite-forsterite and anorthite- enstatite reactions and their bearing on the basalt-eclogite transformation. J. Petrol. 7, 337–362 (1966)
Kushiro, I., Yoder, H.S., Jr.: Formation of eclogite from garnet lherzolite: liquidus relations in a portion of the system MgSiO3-CaSiO3-Al2O3 at high pressures. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 73, 266–269 (1974)
Kushiro, I., Yoder, H.S., Jr., Mysen, B.O.: Viscosities of basalt and andesite melts at high pressures. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 6351–6356 (1976)
Lindsley, D.H.: Melting relations of plagioclase at high pressures. In: Origin of anorthosite and related rocks (Y.W. Isachsen, ed.), Mem. 18, pp. 39–46. Albany, N.Y.: New York State Museum and Science Service 1968
Macdonald, G.A.: Hawaiian petrographic province. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 60, 1541–1595 (1949)
Macdonald, G.A., Katsura, T.: Chemical composition of Hawaiian lavas. J. Petrol. 5, 82–133
Macdonald, G.A., Powers, H.A.: Contribution to the petrography of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 57, 115–124 (1946)
Moore, J.G.: Water content of basalt erupted on the ocean floor. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 28, 272–279 (1970)
Muenow, D.W., Delaney, J.R., Meijer, A., Liu, N.: Water-rich glass-vapor inclusions in phenocrysts from tholeiitic pillow basalt rims in the Marianas back arc basin. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 58, 530 (1977)
Muenow, D.W., Graham, D.G., Liu, N.W.K., Delaney, J.R.: Water-poor glass-vapor inclusions in phenocrysts from Hawaiian tholeiitic pillow basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (submitted for publication)
Mysen, B.O., Boettcher, A.L.: Melting of a hydrous mantle: II. Geochemistry of crystals and liquids formed by anatexis of mantle peridotite at high pressures and high temperatures as a function of controlled activities of water, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. J. Petrol. 16, 549–593 (1975)
Mysen, B.O., Kushiro, I.: Compositional variations of coexisting phases with degree of melting of peridotite in the upper mantle. Am. Mineral. 62, 843–865 (1977)
O'Hara, M.J.: Primary magmas and the origin of basalts. Scot. J. Geol. 1, 19–40 (1965)
O'Hara, M.J.: The bearing of phase equilibria studies in synthetic and natural systems on the origin and evolution of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Earth-Sci. Rev. 4, 69–133 (1968)
O'Hara, M.J., Schairer, J.F.: The join diopside-pyrope at atmospheric pressure. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 62, 107–115 (1963)
Osborn, E.F., Tait, D.B.: The system diopside-forsterite-anorthite. Am. J. Sci., Bowen Vol., 413–433 (1952)
Powers, H.A.: Differentiation of Hawaiian lavas. Am. J. Sci. 30, (Fifth Ser.), 57–71 (1935)
Powers, H.A.: Composition and origin of basaltic magma of the Hawaiian Islands. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 7, 77–107 (1955)
Presnall, D.C.: Alumina content of enstatite as a geobarometer for plagioclase and spinel lherzolites. Am. Mineral. 61, 582–588 (1976)
Presnall, D.C., Brenner, N.L., O'Donnell, T.H.: Drift of Pt/Pt10Rh and W3Re/W25Re thermocouples in single stage piston-cylinder apparatus. Am. Mineral. 58, 771–777 (1973)
Presnall, D.C., Dixon, J.R., O'Donnell, T.H., Dixon, S.A.: Origin of mid-ocean ridge tholeiites. J. Petrology (accepted for publication)
Presnall, D.C., Simmons, C.L., Porath, H.: Changes in electrical conductivity of a synthetic basalt during melting. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5665–5672 (1972)
Rucklidge, J., Gasparrini, E.L.: Electron micro-probe analytical data reduction EMPADR VII. Dept. Geol. University of Toronto, unpublished (1969)
Thompson, R.N., Esson, J., Dunham, A.C.: Major elemental chemical variations in Eocene lavas of the Isle of Skye, Scotland. J. Petrol. 13, 219–253 (1972)
Tilley, C.E.: Some aspects of magmatic evolution. Quart. J. Geol. Soc., London 106, 37–61 (1950)
Tilley, C.E., Yoder, H.S., Jr.: Pyroxene fractionation in mafic magma at high pressures and its bearing on basalt genesis. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 63, 114–121 (1964)
Williams, D.W., Kennedy, G.C.: Melting curve of diopside to 50 kilobars. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 4359–4366 (1969)
Yang, H.-Y.: Crystallization of iron-free pigeonite in the system anorthite-diopside-enstatite-silica at atmospheric pressure. Am. J. Sci. 273, 488–497 (1973)
Yoder, H.S., Jr.: Genesis of principal basalt magmas. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 63, 97–101 (1964)
Yoder, H.S., Jr.: Generation of basaltic magma. Washington, D.C.: Natl. Acad. Sci. 1976
Yoder, H.S., Jr., Tilley, C.E.: Origin of basalt magmas: an experimental study of natural and synthetic rock systems. J. Petrol. 3, 342–532 (1962)